Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Inheritance and Evolution > Flashcards

Inheritance and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Formation of gametes (sex cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A

Stage 1: DNA replication (diploid cell)
Stage 2: Chromosomes line up randomly (left right positions)
Stage 3: First division
Stage 4: Second division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are diploid and haploid cells?

A

Haploid- cell with 23 chromosomes
Diploid- cell with 46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the product of meiosis?

A

4 haploid gametes that are genetically different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is DNA?

A

Polymer from which genetic material is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Two stands called double helix, its compressed into 46 sections called chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the male and female chromosomes?

A

Males: XY
Female: XX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a gene?

A

Small section of DNA coding for a protein to determine characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire set of genetic material in an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What has the world genome project done?

A

Studied the human genome to advance medicine by finding which genes cause inherited disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of the same gene, we have 2 copies of every gene so we have 2 alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are two of the same alleles called?

A

Homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are two different alleles called?

A

Hetrozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is meant by dominant and recessive alleles?

A

Dominant- Expressed over a different allele
Recessive- Not expressed over a different allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can a recessive allele be expressed?

A

If both alleles are recessive- homozygous recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are genotypes and phenotypes?

A

Genotype- genetic code for that characteristic. eg GG
Phenotype- The expression of that trait. eg green eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define inherited disorders.

A

group of conditions passed on by alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Extra fingers and toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes polydactyly?

A

A dominant allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Mucus being released from lungs/pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

Homozygous recessive alleles (ff)

23
Q

What are the advantages of embryo screening?

A

-can prepare for baby (with the disorder)
- fewer people with (inherited) disorders over time
-can see if baby has any disorders

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of embryo screening?

A

Implies babies with disorders are less desirable, People may screen for other things in the future

25
Which of the chromosomes determine the sex of the baby?
the last one of 23
26
What is variation?
Different phenotypes in a population
27
What are the 2 causes of variation?
Genes Environment
28
Why is there so much genetic variation?
Mutations
29
What is a mutation?
Change in DNA coding, and unless the protein changes the phenotype doesn't change
30
Why can mutations be helpful?
They allow for beneficial change which means an organism can survive better in their environment
31
Define natural selection
The process where organisms best fit to survive in their environment pass on their genes, so their offspring have the useful traits
32
What is evolution?
Inheritance of certain traits in the population over multiple generations, leading to change in the entire species.
33
What can evolution lead to?
An entirely new species where they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring
34
Explain selective breeding?
Selecting the organisms with a desired trait, breeding them to produce offspring, slecting and breeding the offspring over many generations.
35
What are the drawbacks of selective breeding?
- Organisms become genetically similar, prone to diseases/inherited disorders (interbreeding) -less variation, so if a virus kills a plant its likely to kill all plants because of similar genes
36
Why do people selective breed?
For better meat, milk, domestic dogs with gentle nature, large flowers or disease resistant crops
37
What is genetic engineering?
Process by which a gene responsible for a specific trait in an organism is used to modify the genome of another organism, to have a desired trait
38
What are the steps of genetic engineering?
1- Cut out gene, isolate 2- Put into a vector 3- Put vector in organism
39
Where has genetic engineering been used?
Sheep- produce drugs in their milk Bacteria- Produces insulin for diabetes Crops- Improve size/quality + resistant to disease
40
What is gene therapy?
Treating inherited disorders by giving them the healthy version of the gene, difficult because it has to be given to every cell in the body
41
What are the pros and cons of genetic engineering?
Pros: Desired characteristics Cons: Don't know effects on health
42
What are fossils?
Remain of organisms from millions of years ago, found in rocks
43
What are the 3 main ways fossils form?
-Gradual replacement by minerals: Teeth/bones decay slowly so replaced by minerals in exact shape -Casts/impressions: Casts-when an organism buried in soft material decays and leaves gap in same shape -Preservation: No decay since no oxygen (amber/tar pits)
44
Why don't we have a complete fossil record?
Early species where soft-bodied so decayed quickly + fossils destroyed by volcanoes and movement of tectonic plates
45
What is extinction?
No individuals from the species remains, could be from disease, environmental changes, outcompeted
46
How do bacteria become resistant?
Pathogens mutate, anti-biotic resistant strands reproduce and population will rise, no effective treatment and people aren't immune
47
How can we stop bacteria from becoming resistant?
- Docs shouldn't treat all pathogens with antibiotics - patients should complete full course of antibiotics - restrict the use of antibiotics in farming
48
How does the Linnaean system classify organisms?
By bone structure and characteristics
49
What are the classes of the Linnaean system?
Kingdom (king) Phylum (phillip) Class (came) Order (over) Family(for) Genus (Gran's) Species (spaghetti)
50
How do we actually call animals?
Binomial species name (Genus+species)
51
Why did Carl Woese propose the three domain system?
As microscopes developed we found out more about the structures of different species and RNA sequences.
52
What are the 'three domains'?
Bacteria (prokaryotic), Eukaryote (eukaryotic cells), archaea (diff pro)
53
What do evolutionary trees show us?
Evolutionarily relationships between species to show us common ancestors, by comparing structures and DNA

Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions