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organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a cell?

A

the basic building block of a living organism

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2
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function working together

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3
Q

what is an organ?

A

a collection of tissues working together rot perform a specific function

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4
Q

what is an organ system?

A

a group of organs working together to perform specific functions.

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5
Q

what is the main function of the digestive system?

A

to digest food and absorb the nutrients obtained from digestion

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6
Q

what is the role of the pancreas and salivary gland in the digestive system?

A

the pancreas and the salivary glands are glands which produce digestive juices containing enzymes

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7
Q

what is the role of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

produces hydrochloric acid, which kills ant bacteria present and provides the optimum acidic PH for the protease enzyme to function

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8
Q

what is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

the small intestine is the site where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream

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9
Q

what is the role of the liver in the digestive system?

A

produces bile (stored in the gallbladder) which emulsifies lipids and allows the lipase enzyme to work more efficiently

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10
Q

what is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A

absorbs water from undigested food, producing faeces

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11
Q

what is the role of enzymes in the digestive system

A

enzymes act as biological catalysts which speed up the rate of biological reactions (the breakdown of food) without being used up

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12
Q

how does the shape of an enzyme affect its function?

A

enzymes have a specific active site which is complementary to their substrate

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13
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of all the reactions in a cell or an organism

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14
Q

what types of metabolic reactions do enzymes catalyze

A
  • build larger molecules from smaller molecules
  • changing one molecule to another
  • breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules
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15
Q

what is the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme function?

A

the shape of the enzyme active site and the substrate are complementary, so it can bind together to form an enzyme-substrate complex

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16
Q

how does temperature affect enzyme action

A

up to a certain point, increasing temperature increases enzyme action, as molecules have higher kinetic energy. however, above a certain temp, the shape of the active site is altered and the enzyme becomes denatured. so it can no longer catalyse the reaction. the optimum temperature is around 37.

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17
Q

how does PH affect enzyme function?

A

the optimum PH for most enzymes is 7. If the PH is too extreme, the shape of the active site may be altered and the enzyme may no longer work

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18
Q

where are carbohydrates produced in the body?

A

amylase: salivary gland
pancrease and maltase: small intestine

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19
Q

where are proteases produced in the body?

A

pepsin: stomach
others: pancreas and small intestine

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20
Q

where are lipases produced in the body?

A

pancreas and small intestine

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21
Q

what is the role of carbohydrates in the digestive system?

A

carbohydrates break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides and disaccharides. amylase breaks down starch into maltose, and maltase breaks down maltose into glucose

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22
Q

what is the role of the protease in the digestive system?

A

protease breaks down proteins into amino acids

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23
Q

what is the role of lipases in the digestive system?

A

lipase break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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24
Q

how are the products of digestion used?

A

they are used to build bigger molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins. glucose is used as a substrate in respiration

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25
Q

where is bile made and stored in the body?

A

bile is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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26
Q

what is the role of bile in the digestive system?

A
  • bile is an alkaline substrate which neutralizes the hydraulic acid in the stomach
  • bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets, this increases the surface area for the lipase enzyme to work on
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27
Q

what is the heart?

A

an organ that pumps blood around the body

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28
Q

what is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

carries oxygen and other useful substances to bodily tissues and removes waste substances

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29
Q

how does the double circulatory system work

A
  • one pathway carries blood from the heart to the lungs
  • one pathway carries blood from the heart to the tissues
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30
Q

where does blood pumped by the right ventricle go

A

the lungs

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31
Q

where does blood pumped by the left ventricle go

A

body tissues

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32
Q

why is the double circulatory system important?

A

it makes the circulatory system more efficent

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33
Q

how many chambers does the heart have

A

4

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34
Q

what are the names of the heart chambers?

A

right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

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35
Q

why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker?

A

the left ventricle has to pump blood at a higher blood pressure around the whole body

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36
Q

what is the role of the aorta?

A

carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

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37
Q

what is the role of the pulmonary vein?

A

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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38
Q

what is the role of the vena cava

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

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39
Q

what is the role of the pulmonary artery?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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40
Q

what are the 4 main blood vessels associated with the heart?

A

aorta
pulmonary vein
vena cava
pulmonary vein

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41
Q

what is the purpose of valves in the heart?

A

prevent backflow of blood

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42
Q

what is the purpose of the coronary arteries?

A

coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

43
Q

describe the process of blood flow through the heart

A
  • blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava and the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
  • the atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles and causing the valves to shut
  • after the ventricles contract, blood in the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery (to the lungs) and blood in the left ventricle enters the aorta (to the body)
44
Q

what is the approximate value of the natural resting heart rate?

A

70 beats per minute

45
Q

how is the heart rate controlled?

A

heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium which acts as a pacemaker
the release waves of electrical activity which cause the heart muscle to contract

46
Q

how can an abnormal heart rhythm be treated?

A

irregular heart rhythms can be treated used an artificial pacemaker, which sends out electrical signals to correct the hearts rhythms

47
Q

what are the three types of a blood vessels in the body?

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

48
Q

how are arteries adapted for their function?

A

function: carry blood away from the heart
thick muscle layer: adds strength to resist high-pressure
thick elastic layer: allows arteries to stretch and recoil - in order to withstand high pressure

49
Q

how are veins adapted for their function?

A

function: carry blood towards the heart
wide lumen: enables low-pressure
have valves: prevents backflow of blood

50
Q

how are the capillaries adapared for their function

A

function: enable the transfer of substances between the blood and tissues
thin walls (one cell thick): short diffusion path
permeable walls: substances can diffuse across easlily and quickly
narrow lumen: blood moves slowly, more time for diffusion

51
Q

how to calculate the rate of blood flow

A

volume of blood / number of minutes

52
Q

where are the lungs found in the body?

A

located in the thorax ( in the chest )
protected by ribcage and separated from the rest of the abdomen by the diaphragm

53
Q

what tissues make up the gas exchange system

A

trachea
intercostal muscles
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
diaphram

54
Q

how are the lungs ventilated by the action of intercostal muscles

A
  • intercostal muscles contract
  • rib cage moves upwards and outwards
  • diaphragm flattens and the volume of the chest increases
  • increased volume results in decreased pressure
  • air is drawn into the lungs down the pressure gradient

the inverse occurs when air moves out of the lungs

55
Q

describe how gas exchange occurs are the alveoli

A

oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillary bloodstream down its concentration gradient
carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary into the alveoli down its concentration gradient

56
Q

describe how alveoli are adapted to gas exchange

A
  • small and arranged in clusters: large surface area
  • rich blood supply: maintains concentration gradient
  • thin walls: short diffusion pathway
57
Q

how to calculate breathing rate

A

number of breaths / number of minutes

58
Q

what substance carries the different components of blood around the body

A

plasma

59
Q

what substances are transported by plasma

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
carbon dioxide
urea
products of digestion

60
Q

what is plasma

A

a yellow liquid within blood that transports substances around the body

61
Q

what is the purpose of red blood cells in the blood

A

transport oxygen around the body

62
Q

how are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A
  • biconcave shape: increased surface area to volume ratio
  • no nucleus: more room for hemoglobin to bind oxygen
  • contain haemoglobin: binds oxygen
63
Q

what is the purpose of white blood cells in blood?

A

they form part of the immune system, which protects the body from invading pathogens

64
Q

how are white blood cells adapted for their function?

A
  • have a nucleus: contains DNA which codes for a protein
  • can produce antibodies
  • can produce antitoxins
  • can engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)
65
Q

what is the purpose of platelets in blood?

A

platelets are small cell fragments which aid the clotting of blood at the sight of the wound

66
Q

why is the function of platelets important

A

Platelets aid in the process of blood clotting. as a result red blood cells are trapped in the fibrin network, forming a clot that prevents excessive bleeding. scab formation (after the clot has dried) prevents bacteria from entering the wound

67
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A

coronary disease occurs when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked with a build-up of fatty material. this restricts the supply of oxygen to the heart, possibly leading to a heart attack or death

68
Q

what is a stent and how does it work

A

a stent in a metal mesh tube, that is inserted into a blocked artery so that remains open. the stent is inflated used a balloon which is later removed to let the blood move freely

69
Q

advantages of stents

A
  • insertion can be carried out without general anesthetic
  • quick recovery time
  • lower the risk of a heart attack
70
Q

disadvantages of stents

A

risk of postoperative infection
risk of blood clots at site of stent

71
Q

what are statins

A

statins are drugs which reduce the level of LDL bad cholesterol which contributes to the development of the coronary heart disease

72
Q

advantages of statins

A

reduce risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, and heart attacks
increases level of HDL cholestrol

73
Q

disadvantage of statins

A

have to take continously
may have side effects
effect may not be immediate

74
Q

what is a heart bypass surgery?

A

a surgery where blocked coronary arteries are replaced with sections of veins taken from other parts of the body

75
Q

consequences of leaky heart valves

A

blood flows in the wrong direction, causing the heart to become less efficient. patients may become breathless and die as a result

76
Q

what types of valves can replace leaky valves?

A

mechanical (plastic or metal)
biological (animals or sometimes human)

77
Q

advantages of mechanical valves

A

lasts a long time

78
Q

the disadvantage of mechanical valve

A

need to take medication to prevent blood clotting

79
Q

advantage of biological valves

A

work very well
no medication provided

80
Q

disadvantages of biological valves

A

only lasts 12-15 years

81
Q

what is the purpose of an artificial heart?

A

artificial hearts are intended to support a patients hearts while they wait for a suitable donor heart

82
Q

advantages of artificial hearts

A

less likely to be rejected by immune system
allows damaged heart to test to help recovery

83
Q

disadvantages of artificial hearts

A

risk of infection due to surgery
risk of blood clots
have to take blood-thinning drugs

84
Q

what is health

A

health is a state of physical and metal wellbeing

85
Q

what is a communicable disease?

A

a disease cause by a pathogen which can be transmitted from one person to another

86
Q

example of communicable disease

A

the flu

87
Q

what is a non-communicable disease?

A

a disease which cannot be transmitted from a person to person

88
Q

example of non-communicable disease

A

cancer

89
Q

how can a diet affect health?

A

to little food
lack of nutrition: anaemia (vitamin deficiencies)
to much food
to much unhealthy food (obesity, type 2 diabetes)

90
Q

how can stress affect health?

A

prolonged stress is linked to a wide range of health problems including heart diseases, cancer and mental issues

91
Q

how can life situations affect health?

A

many life factors such as location, genre and financial status, ethnic groups, and healthcare provisions can impact a person’s mental and physical health

92
Q

what is a risk factor

A

a risk factor is an aspect of a persons lifestyle or a substance found in the body or the environment which can increase the risk of a disease

93
Q

how can diet affect the development of cardiovascular disease

A

high levels LDL cholesterol causes arteris to become blocked, increasing blood pressure and the risk of a heart attack

94
Q

how can smoking affect the development of cardiovascular disease?

A

nicotine increase heart rate, other chemicals damage the artery lining and increase blood pressure

95
Q

how can exercise affect the development of cardiovascular disease?

A

lowers blood pressure, reducing strain on heart

96
Q

how can obesity affect the development of type 2 diabetes?

A

obesity is strongly linked with the onset of type 2 diabetes. a disease in which the body stops responding to insulin

97
Q

how does alcohol affect liver and brain function?

A

excessive long-term alcohol use may lead to liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)
increased risk of liver cancer
damages brain tissue and nerve cells

98
Q

how does smoking affect the development of lung disease and lung cancer?

A

tar in tobacco can damage the alveoli of the lungs, leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaase
tar also damages the cells that line the lungs, leading the lung cancer

99
Q

how do smoking and alcohol affect unborn babies?

A

carbon monoxide from tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen the fetus receives
alcohol passes across the placenta and damages the developing fetus

100
Q

what is cancer

A

cancer is the development of a tumour as a result of uncontrolled cell division

101
Q

what is a benign tumor?

A

a tumor that is contained in one location, usually within a membrane
they are not cancerous and do not invade other parts of the body
can grow large very quickly
can cause damage to other organs

102
Q

what is a malignant tumor

A

a tumour that can spread around the body via the blood and lymphatic system
can invade other tissues
cells divide more rapidly and have a longer lifespan
disrupts healthy tissues and may lead to death

103
Q

factors that can lead to cancer

A

genetics
smoking
obesity
ionizing radiation
viral infections

104
Q
A

Biology (8 decks)

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