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cell biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 2 types of cells

A
  • eukaryotic
  • prokaryotic
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2
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

plant and animal

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3
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria

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4
Q

what are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic

A

prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound-organelles and a nucleus containing genetic material while prokaryotic do not

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5
Q

what is the prokaryotic cell wall composed off

A

peptidoglycan

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6
Q

how is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell

A

found free within the cytoplasm as:

chromosomal dna
plasmid dna

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7
Q

what are plasmids

A

small, circular loops of dan found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main dna
carry genes that provide genetic advantages

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8
Q

what is order of magnitude

A

a power to the base 10 used to quantify and compare size

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9
Q

list 5 components of both plant and animal cells

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes

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10
Q

list the additional cell components found in plant cells

A

chloroplasts
permanent vacuole
cell wall

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11
Q

function of the nucleus apart from storing genetic information

A

controls cellular activities

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12
Q

structure of cytoplasm

A
  • fluid component of the cell
  • contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients
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13
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

site of cellular reactions
transport medium

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14
Q

canton of cell membrane

A

controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell

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15
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced

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16
Q

function of ribosomes

A

joins amino acids in a specific order during translation for the synthesis of proteins

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17
Q

what is the cell wall made off

A

cellulose

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18
Q

function of plant cell wall

A

provides strength
prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

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19
Q

what does a permanent vacuole contain

A

cell sap

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20
Q

function of permanent vacuole

A

supports the cell

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21
Q

function of chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

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22
Q

describe how sperm cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

haploid nucleus: contains genetic information
tail: enables movement
mitochondria: provide energy for tail movement
acrosome: contains enzyme that digest the egg cell membrane

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23
Q

describe how never cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

long axon: allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the central nervous system
dendrites: from the cell body connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells, muscles and glands
myelin sheath: insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses along the nerve cell

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24
Q

describe how muscle cells are adapted to their function

A

arrangement of protein filaments: allow them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction
mitochondria: provide energy for muscle contraction
merged cells in skeletal muscle: allow muscle fibre contraction in unison

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25
Q

describe how root hair cells in plants are adapted to their function

A

large surface area: to absorb nutrients and water from surrounding soil
thin walls: do not restrict water absorption

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26
Q

describe how xylem cells in plants are adapted to their function

A

no upper or lower margins between cells: to provide a continuous route for water to flow
thick walls: strengthen their structure and prevent collapse

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27
Q

describe how phloem cells in plants are adapted to their function

A

sieve plants: let dissolved amino acids and sugars to be transported up and down the stem
companion cells: provide energy needed for active transport of substances along the phloem

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28
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

the process by which cells become specialised

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29
Q

why is cell differentiation important

A

allows production of different tissues and organs that perform various vital functions in the human body

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30
Q

at what point in their life cycle do most animal cells differentiate

A

early in life cycle

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31
Q

for long do plant cells retain the ability to differentiate

A

throughout their entire life cycle

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32
Q

what is the purpled of cell division in mature animals

A

repair and replacement of cells

33
Q

what changes does a cell go through as it differentiates

A

becomes specialised through acquisition of different sub-cellular structure to enable a specific function to be performed by the cell

34
Q

define magnification

A

the number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the real object

35
Q

define resolution

A

the smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished

36
Q

how does a light microscope work

A

passes a beam of light through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens, allowing the specimen to be observed

37
Q

advantages of light microscope

A

inexpensive
easy to use
portable
observe both living and dead specimens

38
Q

disadvantage of light microscope

A

limited resolution

39
Q

how does an electron microscope work

A

it uses a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets. the electrons hit a fluorescent screen which emits visible light producing an image

40
Q

what are the 2 types of electron microscopes

A

transmission electron microscope
scanning electron microscope

41
Q

advantage of electron microscope

A

greater magnification and resolution

42
Q

why do electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution

A

they use a beam of electrons which has a shorter wave length than photons of light

43
Q

how have electron microscopes enables scientists to develop their understanding of cells

A

allow small sub-cellular structures to be observed in detail
enable scientists to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structure relates to function

44
Q

disadvantage of electron microscopes

A

expensive
large so less portable
requires training to use
only dead specimens can be observed

45
Q

how is magnification of an object calculated

A

magnification = size of image / size of real object

46
Q

what is standard form

A

a way of expressing numbers
written between 1 and 10
multiplied by a positive or negative power of 10

47
Q

how do bacteria multiply

A

binary fission
simple cell division

48
Q

how often do bacteria multiply

A

once every 20 mins if enough nutrients are available and then temp is suitable

49
Q

state 2 ways bacteria can be grown

A

nutrient broth solution
colonies on an agar gel plate

50
Q

what nutrients make up a nutrient broth solution

A

all nutrients required for bacteria to grow including nitrogen for protein synthesis, carbs for energy and other minerals

51
Q

what are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms needed for

A

investigating disinfectant and antibiotic action

52
Q

why must Petri dishes and culture media be sterilised before use

A

to kill any bacteria present

53
Q

why must inoculating loops be sterilised be passing them through bunsen burner fame

A

to kill any bacteria present on the inoculating loop

54
Q

why are culottes incubated at 25 degrees in school labs

A

harmful pathogens are less likely to grow at that temp

55
Q

what are chromosomes made up of

A

consist of dan molecules combined with proteins
they contain genes which provide the instructions for protein synthesis

56
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of dan which codes for a protein

57
Q

how many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human body cells

A

46

58
Q

how many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of gametes

A

23

59
Q

how are chromosomes arranged in the nucleus of a body cell

A

arranged in pairs
46 chromosomes form 23 pairs

60
Q

3 main stages of the cell cycle

A

replication of dan and synthesis of organelle
mitosis
division of cells

61
Q

why is mitosis important

A

produces identical cells which all have the same genetic info
produces additional cells for growth and repair

62
Q

describe the 1st stage of the cell cycle

A

it is the longest stage
cells grow and increase in mass
replicate dna and synthesis more organelles

63
Q

describe 2nd stage of the cell cycle

A

each chromosome in a pair is pulled to opposite poles of the cell
then the nucleus decides

64
Q

describe 3rd stage of cell cycle

A

the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
two identical daughter cells are produced

65
Q

what is a stem cells

A

an unspecialised cell which is capable of differentiating into other cell types and of self-renewal

66
Q

what is the function of stem cells in embryos

A

embryonic stem cells can replicate themselves and differentiate into many other types of cells
embryonic stem cells may be able to treat conditions such as paralysis and diabetes by dividing to replace damaged cells

67
Q

function of stem cells in adult bond marrow

A

adult stem cell can differentiate into several types to replace dead or damaged tissues

68
Q

function of stem cells in plant meristems

A

meristem stem cells retain the ability to differeiate into any type of plant cell throughout their lifespan
they can differeaite into any cell which is required by the plant

69
Q

what is therapeutic cloning

A

a cloning method where an embryo is produced with the same genetic makeup as the patient. the stem cells which originate from the embryo will not be rejected by the patients immune system so can be used to treat certain medical conditions

70
Q

advantages of cloning plants using meristem stem cells

A

can prevent rare plants from becoming extinct
can produce large numbers of plants with a favourable characteristic
can produce identical plants for research

71
Q

what is diffusion

A

the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

72
Q

3 main factors affect the rare of diffusion

A

concentration gradient
temp
surface area

73
Q

how are single celled organisms adapted for diffusion

A

they have a large surface area to volume ratio
maximises the ratio of diffusion of molecules to meet the organisms needs

74
Q

4 factors to increase the effectiveness of a gas exchange

A

large surface area
thin membrane
efficient blood supply
ventilation

75
Q

what is osmosis

A

the movement of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

76
Q

what is active transport

A

the movement of molecules from a more dilute solution to a more concentration solution against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration

77
Q

how do plant root hair cells use active transport

A

root hair cells use active transport up minerals ions from a more dire solution in soils

78
Q

how is active transport used to absorb the products of digestion

A

active transport is used to transport glucose from a lower concentration in the gut to a higher concentration in the blood. glucose is then transported to the tissues where it can be used in respiration

79
Q
A

Biology (8 decks)

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