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bioenergetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants synthesis glucose using light energy from the sun, light energy is then converted into chemical energy

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2
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A

within chloroplasts in leaf palisade cells, they contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light energy

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3
Q

word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water - glucose + oxygen

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4
Q

symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6co(2) + 6h(2)o - c(6)H(12)o(6) + 6o(2)

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5
Q

is photosynthesis an endothermic or exothermic reaction

A

endothermic

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6
Q

why is photosynthesis an endothermic reaction

A

energy is transferred from the environment to chloroplasts by light

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7
Q

how can you show that a plant gives off oxygen during photosynthesis

A

using a water plant
collect gas bubbles produced during photosynthesis
the gas will relight a glowing splint as it contains oxygen

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8
Q

give examples of leaf adaptations that maximise the rate of photosynthesis

A

broad leaves - maximize surface area
thin leaves - short diffusion distance
chlorophyll present - trap light energy
veins present - transport water to leaves via the xylem, remove photosynthesis products via the phloem
air spaces - allow co(2) to enter and o(2) to leave
guard cells present - control opening of stomata for gas exchange and prevent water loss

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9
Q

what are the 4 main factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • temp
  • light intensity
  • carbon dioxide concentration
  • amount of chlorophyll
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10
Q

how does temp affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

increasing the temp increases the rate of photosynthesis as the kinetic energy of particles is increased. the rate decreases past a certain temp as enzymes become denatured

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11
Q

how does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis until another factor becomes limiting

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12
Q

how does carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

increasing the carbon dioxide concentration increases the rate of photosynthesis as Co2 is required to make glucose

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13
Q

how does the amount of chlorophyll affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

decreasing the amount of chlorophyll decreases the rate of photosynthesis as chlorophyll is required to absorb light energy

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14
Q

what is a limiting factor

A

an environmental factor which can restrict the rate of photosynthesis

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15
Q

explain how you can calculate the rate of photosynthesis by measuring oxygen production

A

set up bubble photometer apparatus
oxygen gas produced causes the bubble in the capillary tube to move. the distance moved by the bubble is used to calculate the volume of oxygen produced

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16
Q

how can farmers use their knowledge of limiting factors to increase their profits

A

they can control temp, light intensity, and Co2 concentration to achieve the fastest possible rate of photosynthesis, leading to greater yield.

17
Q

state 5 uses of the glucose produced during photosthesis

A
  • respiration
  • starch for storage
  • cellulose for strength
  • amino acid and protein synthesis
  • lipids for energy storage in seeds
18
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

an exothermic reaction in which glucose reacts with oxygen to release energy which can be used by cells

19
Q

what is the equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

20
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place

A

in the mitochondria

21
Q

why do organisms require the energy released by respiration

A
  • synthesis of larger molecules
  • muscle contraction
  • maintenance of body temp
  • active transport
22
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken dow to release energy in the absence of oxygen

23
Q

what is the equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose = lactic acid (+energy)

24
Q

why is anaerobic respiration less efficient than aerobic respiration?

A

glucose is not completely broken down, so less energy is transferred

25
Q

why can anaerobic respiration lead to muscle fatigue

A

lactic acid builds up in muscles, preventing efficient contraction

26
Q

what is an oxygen dept

A

the amount of oxygen needed to convert lactic acid into back into glucose after anaerobic respiration

27
Q

what is fermentation

A

a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast cells

28
Q

what is the equation for fermentation

A

glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide (+energy)

29
Q

why is the fermentation reaction important

A

it is used in the production of bread and alcoholic drinks

30
Q

what are the differences between aerobic and anaerobe respiration

A

aerobic requires oxygen, anaerobic does not
aerobic produced carbon dioxide and water, anaerobic produces lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide
aerobic transfers a greater amount of energy

31
Q

how do muscles store glucose

A

as glycogen

32
Q

what changes take place when muscular activity increases in the body

A

heart rate increases and arteries dilate - increases flow of oxygenated blood to muscles
breathing rate increases and breathing is deeper - increases the rate of gaseous exchange
stored glycogen is converted back into glucose

33
Q

how is lactic acid transported away from the muscles

A

blood flow through the muscles transport lactic acid to the liver, where it is oxidised back to glucose

34
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of all the reactions that take place in a cell or organism

35
Q

how do cells use the energy transferred by respiration

A

to continuously carry out enzyme-controlled processes which lead to the synthesis of new molecules

36
Q

give examples of metabolic reactions

A
  • glucose into starch/glycogen/cellulose
  • glycerol and fatty acids into lipids
  • glucose and nitrate ions into amino acids
  • photosynthesis
  • respiration
  • breakdown of excess proteins into urea

Biology (8 decks)

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