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Biology > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of specialised cells with similar structures and function, such as epithelial tissue and muscular tissue.

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2
Q

Define ‘organ’.

A

an organ is a group of tissues that perform a function.

Stomach:

Muscular tissue to churn food
Glandular tissue that produces digestive juices
Epithelial tissue that lines the inside and outside of the stomach.

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3
Q

Define an organ system.

A

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform functions. Organ systems work together to form an organism.

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4
Q

Name the main organs in the digestive system.

A

Mouth
Oesophagus
Liver
Pancreas
Stomach
Gall bladder
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus

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5
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

An enzyme is a biological catalyst that speeds up reactions in the body.

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6
Q

What are the main compounds that are found in food and that make up the body?

A

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins

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7
Q

What are lipids composed of? What are they used for in the body?

A

Lipids are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids joined together. The combination of the fatty acids determines whether the lipid is a oil or a solid fat.

Lipids are the main energy source in the body.

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8
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of?

A

Carbohydrates are made up of units of sugar, such as glucose and sucrose. These small units of sugar are called simple sugars.
Long chains of these sugars can be bonded together to form complex carbohydrates

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9
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

Proteins are composed of long chains of amino acids, and different arrangements of the 20 different types of amino acids give different proteins.

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10
Q

What is the term given to the disfigurement of the shape of a protein?

A

Denatured.

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11
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

The active site has a unique shape that binds on to a molecule.

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12
Q

What is the name given to the molecule that an enzyme binds onto?

A

A substrate.

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13
Q

Explain the lock and key theory of enzymes.

A

The enzyme’s active site has a specific shape that binds on to a substrate of the same shape. The shapes are made from a long chain of amino acids folded together. The reaction takes place rapidly and the products are released from the surface of the enzyme.

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14
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell of in the body.

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15
Q

What two factors can affect the rate of enzyme action?

A

The temperature and pH.

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16
Q

How does the temperature affect enzyme action?

A

The temperature speeds up enzyme action, however this is only up to 37 degrees in humans, because if the temperature exceeds 40 degrees the amino acids begin to change shape and the active site changes, making the enzyme denatured.

17
Q

How does pH affect enzyme action?

A

The pH affects the forces that hold the amino acids together, so if the pH changes, the active site changes, making the enzyme stop working.

18
Q

What is the name of the enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids?

A

Carbohydrases (amylase is an example)

Proteases

Lipases

19
Q

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

Hydrochloric acid reduces the pH of the stomach so the protease pepsin can work efficiently. Mucus lines the stomach protecting it from the acid

20
Q

What is the role of bile?

A

Bile is an alkaline solution that neutralises the acid on the food and making the pH ideal for the enzymes to work.

21
Q

What is the test to find out if a carbohydrate is present in a substance?

A

Add iodine, and if starch are present, the iodine will turn blue-black

22
Q

What is the test to find out if a protein is present in a substance?

A

Add Biuret’s solution, and if proteins are present, the solution will turn purple

23
Q

What is the test for sugars in a substance?

A

Benedict’s solution - the solution will turn brick red on heating if sugars are present.

24
Q

What is the test for lipids in a substance?

A

Add ethanol, and the substance will turn cloudy if lipids are present.

25
Q

What are the main substances in the blood?

A

Plasma - transport medium for waste carbon dioxide, urea and soluble digested products

Red blood cells - biconcave cells give them a larger surface area for diffusion, and they contain a red pigment called haemoglobin which binds on to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin which carries oxygen around the body.

White blood cells - lymphocytes produce antibodies against invasive microorganisms and phagocytes engulf bacteria and viruses

Platelets - small fragments of cells that help clot blood at the site of a wound.

26
Q

What are the three blood vessels?

A

Veins, arteries and capillaries.

27
Q

What is the gap between the walls of the blood vessels called?

A

Lumen

28
Q

What are arteries?

A

Arteries usually carry oxygenated blood, and they have thick walls with elastic fibres and a small lumen to maintain the high pressure flow of blood.

29
Q

What are veins?

A

Veins usually carry deoxygenated blood and have a wide lumen and relatively thin walls. They also often have valves to stop the backflow of blood

30
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Capillaries are tiny vessels that connect the veins and the arteries. They are very thin, with walls that are one cell thick, so substances can easily diffuse in and out of them.

31
Q

What is the name given to the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart?

A

Coronary arteries.

32
Q

What are the 4 main blood vessels in the heart?

A

Vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta

33
Q

What are the 4 main chambers in the heart?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

34
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thick wall?

A

It has to pump blood at a higher pressure than the right ventricle, all the way around the body.

35
Q

How does a stent work?

A

A stent is a wire or metal mesh that is inserted into the blocked artery. It is blown up by a balloon, widening the artery and clearing the blockage.

Biology (5 decks)

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