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Biology > Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of the internal conditions in the body in response to internal or external changes

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2
Q

What are the three main components of the control system?

A

Receptor: Cells that detect stimuli, or changes in the environment. E.g. touching a needle

Coordination centres: Areas that process the information sent from the receptors and send out signals to respond to this. E.g. Brain, spinal cord

Effector: Muscles or glands that act to restore conditions to optimum. E.g. Biceps contracting to pull hand away from needle.

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3
Q

What are the three types of neurones?

A

Sensory neurones, Relay neurones and motor neurones

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4
Q

Why does the body need to be regulated

A

The body needs to be regulated in order for the enzymes to function optimally

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5
Q

What is the negative feedback for when a level is too low or too high

A

The receptor detects a stimuli that the level is too low or too high

The coordination centre receives the information and processes it to find a solution

The effectors counteract this and bring the level back up or down to optimal level

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6
Q

What is a synapse

A

a synapse is the gap between two neurones. A chemical is diffused across the gap and then the electrical signal continues

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7
Q

What are reflexes

A

reflexes are rapid, involuntary responses that aim to reduce harm to us. They do not go through a conscious part of the brain.

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8
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

A reflex arc is the passage of information from the receptor to the effector

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9
Q

What is the path of the reflex from the receptor to the effector

A

The stimulus is detected by the receptor, and the electrical signal is sent via the sensory neurones to a relay neurone in the CNS. The relay neurones then pass it along to the motor neurones who carry the signal to the effector which acts accordingly.

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10
Q

What is myopia

A

Short-sightedness - unable to focus on distant objects

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11
Q

What is hyperopia

A

Long-sightedness - unable to focus on near objects

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12
Q

What causes myopia

A

The lens is the wrong shape and refracts the light too much so it is formed in front of the retina, or the eyeball is too long

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13
Q

What causes hyperopia

A

The lens is the wrong shape and doesn’t refract the light enough, so the image forms after the retina, or the eyeball is too short.

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14
Q

What is the sclera

A

The tough supporting wall of the eye

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15
Q

What is the cornea

A

The transparent outer layer of the eye that refracts the light

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16
Q

What is the iris

A

The iris is the coloured section that contains muscles that change shape of the pupil to determine how much light enters the eye

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17
Q

What is the lens

A

The lens focuses the light onto the retina where tie image forms

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18
Q

What are the suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles

A

These are muscles that control the shape of the lens for accomodation

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19
Q

What is the optic nerve

A

The optic nerve carries impulses from the receptors on the retina to the brain

20
Q

How does the pupil adjust for bright or dim light

A

The Circular muscles Contract to allow less light in, and the Radial muscles Relax to allow less light in.

The opposite happens in dim light

21
Q

What is accommodation

A

The adjusting of the lens for near or far objects

22
Q

How does the eye accommodate for a near object

A

The Ciliary muscles Contract, and the Suspensory ligaments Slacken which makes the lens flat and refract light greater

23
Q

How does the eye accommodate for a far object

A

The ciliary muscles relax and the Suspensory ligaments tighten, making the lens thin and refract light lesser

24
Q

What are some treatments for long or short-sightedness

A

Contact lenses compensate for the refraction
Laser eye surgery can change the shape of the eye
The lens in the eye can be replaced with surgery

25
Q

What is the name given to the centre in the body that controls temperature

A

Thermoregulatory centre

26
Q

Why does the body have to keep the temperature at a constant

A

To allow enzymes to function optimally

27
Q

What does the body do when you are too hot

A

Sweat is produced which transfers heat to the environment
Hairs lie flat to reduce insulation
Vasodilation - the blood vessels dilate so more heat energy can be lost from the skin

28
Q

What does the body do when you are too cold

A

Shiver - the respiration used to shiver transfers heat to the body
Hairs stand on end to create an insulating layer of air
No sweat
Vasoconstriction - the blood vessels constrict to preserve heat

29
Q

what is the hormone that controls blood glucose levels

A

insulin

30
Q

What is the hormone which prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’

A

adrenaline

31
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels are too high

A

Insulin is released, which causes glucose to be taken in by cells, and for some glucose to be converted to glycogen and stored in the liver

32
Q

What is glycogen

A

A storage form of glucose which is stored in the liver and muscles

33
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels are too low

A

Glucagon is released, which causes some of the glycogen to be converted into glucose, increasing blood glucose levels

34
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

The pancreas does not secrete enough insulin, so blood glucose levels could rise to dangerous levels

35
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

The body stops responding to its own insulin that was produced

36
Q

What two factors are plants sensitive to

A

Light and gravity

37
Q

What is a plant’s response to light known as

A

Phototropism

38
Q

What is a plant’s response to gravity known as

A

Gravitropism or geotropism

39
Q

What is the hormone which controls the responses of plants to light and gravity

A

auxin

40
Q

If light is falling on on the left of a shoot and the right is unlit, which side does auxin build up on

A

unlit side

41
Q

What are some uses of auxin

A

weedkiller, rooting powders, tissue culture

42
Q

How can ethene be used in agriculture

A

To ripen fruits

43
Q

What can gibberellins be used for

A

Increase fruit size
End seed dormancy
promote flowering

44
Q

what are the two main waste products of the body

A

carbon dioxide
urea

45
Q

What is urea

A

nitrogenous waste produced by the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver

46
Q

How is urea removed from the body

A

through urine

47
Q
A

Biology (5 decks)

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