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AQA GCSE Biology (PAPER 1 - ORGANISATION) > ORGANISATION > Flashcards

ORGANISATION Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

To digest food and absorb the nutrients obtained from digestion

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2
Q

What are the pancreas and salivary glands used for in the digestive system?

A

•Glands producing digestive enzymes including-
-Amylase
-Protease
-Lipase

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3
Q

Why is the stomach useful in digestive system?

A

•Provides the optimum pH for protease (2-3)
•Kills any pathogens (HCL)

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4
Q

What is the small intestine used for in digestion?

A

•Produced many digestive enzymes-
-Amylase
-Protease
-Lipase
• Soluble food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream via villi + large capillary network surrounding

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5
Q

Why is the liver useful in digestion?

A

•Produces Bile
•Allows fat to be emulsified and neutralises HCL to make optimum conditions for other enzymes passing through

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6
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A

Absorbs water from undigested food to produce faeces

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7
Q

What do enzymes do in digestion?

A

•Speed up chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy needed for reactions to occur
•They’re biological catalysts

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8
Q

How does the shape of an enzyme affect its function?

A

•Complementary active site to the substrate
• Only works for specific substrates

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9
Q

What is the ‘lock and key’ theory

A

As the shape of an enzyme can only fit to one substrate (forming an enzyme-substrate complex) it is the same idea that for every lock- there is only one key.

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10
Q

How does the temperature affect enzyme action?

A

•Up to a certain point, as temperature increases, so does the enzyme action due to the molecules having higher kinetic energy levels
• Until it reaches above a certain temperature (usually around 37° optimum), the enzyme becomes denatured as bonds are broken and it can no longer catalyse the reaction.

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11
Q

How does pH affect enzyme function?

A

The optimum pH for most enzymes is 7 (excludes protease). If the pH is too extreme, the shape of the active site may be altered and the enzyme cannot work

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12
Q

Where are carbohydrases produced in the body?

A

•Pancreas
•Small intestine
•Salivary glands

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13
Q

Where is lipase produced in the body?

A

•Pancreas
•small intestine

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14
Q

Where are proteases produced?

A

•Stomach
•Small intestine
•Pancreas

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15
Q

What is the role of carbohydrases in the body?

A

Break down Carbohydrates into monosaccharides and disaccharides (simple sugars)

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16
Q

What are the role of proteases?

A

Break down proteins into amino acids

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17
Q

What are the role of lipases?

A

Break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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18
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body

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19
Q

How does the double circulatory system work?

A

•One pathway carries blood from the heart to the lungs (gas exchange occurs)
•The other pathway takes OXYGENATED blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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20
Q

Where does blood pumped by the right ventricle go?

A

The lungs

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21
Q

Where does blood pumped from the left ventricle go to?

A

(Aorta) to the rest of the body

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22
Q

How many chambers of the heart are there? (With names)

A

•4
• Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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23
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker?

A

Has to pump blood across the whole body therefore a higher pressure is needed

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24
Q

What are the 4 main blood vessels associated with the heart? (+ what they do)

A

•Aorta- carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
•Pulmonary vein- carries oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs
• Vena Cava- carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
•Pulmonary artery- carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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25
Q

What are the purpose of valves?

A

•Prevent the back flow of blood
•In veins

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26
Q

What are the purpose of coronary arteries?

A

Supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

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27
Q

Describe the process of blood flow through the heart.

A

•Enters via right atrium through vena cava and left atrium through pulmonary vein
•The atria contract, forcing the blood into the ventricles and causing valves to shut
•After the ventricles contract, blood in the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery (going to the lungs) and blood in the left ventricles enters the aorta (going around the body)

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28
Q

What is the average (adult) heart rate in BPM

A

70 beats per minute

29
Q

How is heart rate controlled?

A

•By a group of cells acting as a pacemaker
•They release waves of electrical activity causing the heart muscle to contract

30
Q

What is the treatment for an irregular heartbeat?

A

•Artificial pacemaker- sends out electrical signals which correct the hearts rhythm

31
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel

A

Vein, capillary, artery

32
Q

What adaptations to arteries have?

A

•Thick muscular layer- supports the high pressure
•Thick elastic layer- allows arteries to stretch and recoil to withstand the high pressure

33
Q

How are veins adapted for their functions?

A

• Wide lumen- allows low blood pressure and lots of blood to pass through
•Valves- prevents back flow of blood

34
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their function?

A

• One cell thick wall- short diffusion path
•Permeable walls- substances can diffuse across
•Narrow lumen- blood moves slower so more diffusion can occur

35
Q

What is the formula for blood flow

A

Blood flow= volume of blood/ number of minutes

36
Q

How are lungs ventilated by the intercostal muscles?

A

• intercostal muscles contract
• rib cage moves up and out
• diaphragm flattens and volume of chest increases
•Increased volume= decreased pressure
•Air is drawn in lungs down pressure gradient

37
Q

How does gas exchange occur at the alveoli?

A

•Oxygen diffuser from alveoli to the capillary down its concentration gradient
•Carbon dioxide diffuse from capillary into the alveoli down the concentration gradient

38
Q

How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

• Small+ arranged in clusters - Large surface area
• Rich blood supply- maintains concentration gradient
•Thin walls- short diffusion pathway

39
Q

Formula for breathing rate?

A

Breathing rate= number of breaths/ number of minutes

40
Q

What substances does plasma transport?

A

•RBCs
•WBCs
•Platlets
•Carbon dioxide
•Urea
•Products of digestion

41
Q

What is the purpose of Red blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen around the body

42
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A

•Biconcave- large SA:Volume
•No nucleus- more room to transport oxygen
•contains haemoglobin- binds to oxygen

43
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells?

A

Form part of the immune system, protecting the body from pathogens

44
Q

How are white blood cells adapted for function?

A

•Nucleus- contains DNA for protein
•Can release antitoxins
•Can release antibodies
• Can engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)

45
Q

What is a stent and how does it work?

A

•Metal mesh tube inserted into artery to make it remain open
•Inflated with a balloon (later removed) to allow more blood to pass
through

46
Q

Pros + cons of stents?

A

Pros-
•Insertion time doesn’t need general anaesthetic
•Quick recovery time
•Lowers risk of heart attack
Cons-
• Risk or postoperative infection
•Risk of blood clots at stent site

47
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that reduce cholesterol (fatty buildup contributing to coronary heart disease)

48
Q

Pros + cons of statins?

A

Pros-
•Reduce risk of stokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
•Increase level of HDL (good) cholesterol
Cons-
•Need to be taken continuously
•May have side effects
• effects may not be immediate

49
Q

What is a heart bypass surgery?

A

Surgery where blocked coronary arteries are replaced with veins taken from other parts of the body

50
Q

What are consequences of leaky heart valves?

A

•Blood flows in the wrong direction making the heart almost inefficient
• Causes breathlessness and causes patients to die in result

51
Q

How can leaky valves be replaced?

A

•Mechanical- metals or polymers
•Biological- taken from other animals

52
Q

Pros + cons of mechanical valves?

A

Pros-
•Lasts for a long time
Cons-
•Needs constant medication to stop clots

53
Q

Pros + cons of biological valves?

A

Pros-
•Very efficient
Cons-
•lasts only 12-15 years

54
Q

What is the purpose of an artificial heart?

A

Support a patients heart while they wait for a donor to supply one

55
Q

Pros + cons of artificial hearts?

A

Pros-
•Less likely to be rejected by immune system
•Allows the damaged heart to rest and recover
Cons-
•Risk of infection
•Risk of blood clots
•Have to take drugs (blood-thinners)

56
Q

How does diet affect health?

A

•Too little food + lack of nutrition- anaemia, vitamin deficiency
•Too much food/too much unhealthy food- obesity, type 2 diabetes

57
Q

Examples of how health problems can interact? (What they lead to)

A

•infection with certain viruses can lead to cancer- eg hepatitis—> liver cancer
•A compromised immune systems can lead to higher infection with communicable diseases
•Immune reactions caused by a pathogen can trigger allergic reactions
•Problems with physical health can lead to mental health issues

58
Q

What is a causal mechanism?

A

A mechanism that demonstrates how one factor (biologically) influences antober

59
Q

How do diet smoking and exercise affect development of cardiovascular diseases?

A

•Diet- high levels of LDL cholesterol causes arteries to become blocked increasing blood pressure and risk of heart attack
•Smoking- increases heart rate, other chemicals damage artery lining and increase blood pressure
•Exercise- lowers blood pressure which reduces the strain on the heart

60
Q

How does alcohol affect liver and brain function?

A

•Excessive long term alcohol can lead to liver cirrhosis (scarring of liver)
•Increased risk of liver cancer
• damages brain tissue and nerve cells

61
Q

How does obesity affect the development of type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity is linked with onset of type 2 diabetes- where the body stops responding to insulin

62
Q

How does smoking affect the development of lung disease and lung cancer?

A

•Tar in tobacco can damage alveoli of lungs leading to COPD
•Tar damaged cells lining the lungs leading to ling cancer

63
Q

How does smoking and alcohol affect unborn babies?

A

•Carbon monoxide from tobacco refused amount of oxygen the foetus receives which is vital
•Alcohol passed across the placenta and damages developing foetus leading to deformities after birth

64
Q

How do carcinogens affect the development of cancer?

A

Ionising radiation is a type of carcinogen which can cause mutations in DNA, potentially leading to cancer

65
Q

What is cancer?

A

The development of a tumour as a result of uncontrolled cell division

66
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

•A tumour contained within one location (usually a membrane)
•They are not cancerous and do not invade other parts of the body
•Can grow large very quickly and cause damages to other organs

67
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

•A tumour that can spread around the body via blood and lymphatic system
•Can invade other tissues (metastasis)
•Cells divide more rapidly and have a longer lifespan
•disrupts healthy tissues and can lead to death

68
Q

What factors can lead to cancer?

A

•Genetics-certain genes increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer
•Smoking
•Obesity
•Ionising radiation- UV lights and X-rays
•Viral infections- HPV and cervical cancer

AQA GCSE Biology (PAPER 1 - ORGANISATION) (5 decks)

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