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AQA GCSE Biology (PAPER 1 - ORGANISATION) > INFECTION AND RESPONSE > Flashcards

INFECTION AND RESPONSE Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do Plants affected with TMV have a stunted growth?

A

•TMV affects chlorophyll production
•Less chlorophyll = Less sunlight absorbed
• Photosynthesis occurs at a slower rate and produces less glucose for the plant
• Plant cannot respite enough to use proteins to build new cells

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

A disease caused by a pathogen that can be spread through individuals

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3
Q

What is a non-communicable disease

A

A disease that cannot be spread through organisms

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4
Q

How can communicable diseases be spread?

A

•Water
•Air
•Direct contact

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5
Q

How do bacteria multiply?

A

•Binary Fission
• Ie split in two

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6
Q

How do viruses reproduce

A

•Inject viral dna into host cell(s)
• host cell produces lots of new viruses
• viruses burst out of host cell as it destroys it
• Process repeats as each new virus goes to other cells

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7
Q

What is Measles ( Pathogen type+ symptoms)

A

•Virus
• Fever and a skin rash

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8
Q

How are measles spread

A

• Inhalation of droplets from sneezes and/or coughs

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9
Q

What is HIV (pathogen type+ symptoms)

A

•Virus
•Initially flu like symptoms, attacks body’s immune system
• causes aids

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10
Q

How is HIV spread

A

Exchange of bodily fluids (Sexual fluids, blood, etc

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11
Q

What is salmonella (pathogen type+ symptoms)

A

•Bacterial
• Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

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12
Q

How is salmonella spread

A

Contaminated food

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13
Q

What is gonorrhoea (pathogen type+ symptoms)

A

•Bacteria
• Thick yellow discharge from Vagina/Penis, Pain when urinating

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14
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread?

A

Sexual contact

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15
Q

What is athletes foot (Pathogen type+ symptoms)

A

•fungi
•Scaly rash often between toes

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16
Q

How is athletes foot spread?

A

Direct contact or contact with contaminated surfaces

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17
Q

What is malaria?(pathogen type+ symptoms)

A

•Protist
• Fever, tiredness, vomiting, headaches

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18
Q

How is Malaria spread

A

Mosquitoes (Vector)

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19
Q

What are non-specific defences of the body?

A

•Skin
•Stomach acid
•Mucus
•Enzymes (in tears)
•ear wax
•Allow other

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20
Q

How do Platelets/Thrombocytes form clots (scabs) at the site of a wound?

A

•Platelets release chemicals at the site of the wound
• Fibrinogen (soluble) becomes the insoluble Fibrin that form a mesh around the wound
•Red blood cells get stuck in the mesh causing a clot
•This develops into a scab that protects the wound as it heals

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21
Q

What are the two MAIN types of WBC

A

Phagocytes
Lymphocytes

22
Q

How do Lymphocytes work?

A

•Release antitoxins to neutralise toxins produced by pathogens
•Produce specific antibodies that cause pathogens to stick together to aid phagocytosis

23
Q

What do Phagocytes do?

A

Engulf and digest Pathogens

24
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A SPECIFIC protein coating on the outside of every cell
Pathogens can be identified as foreign by WBCs by their antigens

25
Q

What are the main stages of immune response?

A

•Time for lymphocytes to identify pathogen and make complementary antibodies for foreign antigen
• Cloning lymphocytes to enable large amounts of antibodies to be produced
• antibodies are released into blood to attach to antigens and prevent pathogens from functioning
• Phagocytes engulf and ingest pathogens

26
Q

How is immunity ‘gained’ by the body?

A

After an infection-
•Some Lymphocytes remain in the blood as memory cells
•These can last for decades
•This allows, in the case of another infection, for lymphocytes to be produced rapidly again
•Meaning pathogens can be killer BEFORE they make you ill

27
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A treatment containing weakened/inactive forms of a pathogen in order to expose the immune system to the antigen without making you ill

28
Q

Why is a vaccine useful?

A

•Provides immunity for a prolonged period of time

29
Q

What is ‘herd immunity’

A

The idea that if most of a population are vaccinated, it protects the unvaccinated because the pathogen cannot spread easily

30
Q

What are the main forms of treatments?

A

•Antibiotics
•Antivirals
•Antifungals

31
Q

Why can’t antibiotics treat HIV?

A

•HIV is a virus
•Antibiotics only treat bacteria, therefore cannot kill HIV virus

32
Q

Why are viruses harder to treat?

A

They reside within host cells

33
Q

How can bacteria become resistant?

A

Random mutations due to-
•Overuse of antibiotics
•Antibiotics not used correctly

34
Q

What drug was formed from Willow trees? (And what does it do)

A

•Aspirin
•anti-inflammatory + Pain relief

35
Q

What drug was formed from foxglove?(and what does it do)

A

•Digitalis
•Strengthens the force of the heartbeat+ reduce heart rate

36
Q

Why is a placebo drug used in trials?

A

To test the effectiveness of the real drug

37
Q

Describe and explain the steps for development of a new drug?

A

• Computer simulation- Predict what will happen
• Test on live cells and/or tissues- See whether it is toxic to cells or tissues
•Test on live animals- See whether it is safe for other organisms to use
•Test on healthy volunteers in small doses- See if the drug is actually safe for use without any serious adverse side-effects
•Test on a small amount of patients with the disease- To find the necessary dosage for treatment
•Test on a large amount of patients with the disease- To see whether the drug is efficient at curing the disease large-scale

38
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

•Antibodies produced in a lab by artificially cloning a single lymphocyte.
•Specific and can be cloned unconditionally

39
Q

Describe the steps for monoclonal antibodies development.

A

•Antigen injected into animal to stimulate production of lymphocytes
•Lymphocytes are extracted from the spleen of the animal
• Lymphocyte is fused with a tumour cell to create a hybridoma
•Hybridoma can reproduce rapidly creating lots of antibody-producing cells

40
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies (potentially) treat some cancers?

A

• Highlight cancer cells to the body
•Carry radioactive substances directly to the cancer cells

41
Q

What are other uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A

•Pregnancy tests
•Diagnosing diseases
•Testing for chemicals

42
Q

How do pathogens spread between plants?

A

•Wind
•Water
• Insect Vectors

43
Q

What is Rose black spot? (Pathogen type+symptoms)

A

•Fungal
•Stunted growth, purple or black spots develop on leaves which turn yellow and drop off

44
Q

What are physical defences of a plant?

A

• Cellulose cell wall (hard to penetrate)
•Waxy cuticle
•Layers of dead cells for protection (E.g Bark)

45
Q

What are chemical defences of a plant?

A

•Antibacterial chemicals
•Release poisons (deter herbivores)

46
Q

What are mechanical defences of a plant?

A

•Thorns/ hairs- cause damage or irritation to predator
•Can curl/fold- may scare herbivores who are unaware
•The ‘white dead nettle’-Can be mistaken for a stinging nettle so animals avoid

47
Q

What is TMV? (Pathogen type+ symptoms)

A

•Virus
•Leaves discolour, stunted growth

48
Q

How can plant diseases be identified?

A

• Garden manual/website
•Take to lab
•Testing kits (With monoclonal antibodies)

49
Q

What does a plant nitrate deficiency cause?

A

Stunted growth

50
Q

What does a plant magnesium deficiency cause?

A

Chlorosis (Loss of green colour due to absence of chlorophyll)

AQA GCSE Biology (PAPER 1 - ORGANISATION) (5 decks)

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