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AQA GCSE Biology (PAPER 1 - ORGANISATION) > BIOENERGETICS > Flashcards

BIOENERGETICS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the chemical + word equation for respiration? (Aerobic)

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2–> 6CO2+6H2O
Glucose+ Oxygen—> Carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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3
Q

What is ATP?

A

•Adenosine triphosphate
•A small molecule used by all cells as an energy ‘currency’
•Required for many processes such as muscle contraction, chemical reactions for large molecules

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4
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?

A

Exothermic

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5
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

•Aerobic
•Anaerobic

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6
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

In the ABSENCE of oxygen

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8
Q

What is the word equation for Anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose—> Lactic acid

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9
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

Why can’t anaerobic respiration be sustained for long periods of time?

A

• Little energy produced
•Produces toxic chemical (lactic acid) causing muscle cramps

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11
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Extra oxygen required by the liver to deal with accumulated lactic acid

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12
Q

What are the effects of exercise on the body? (AND WHY)

A

•Increase of heart rate—> More oxygenated blood supplied to cells—> more respiration = more energy
• Ventilation (breathing) rate increases—> supplies more blood with oxygen—> more cells get oxygen—> more respiration = more energy
•Arteries Dilate—> More blood passes through—> more blood sent around the body to be oxygenated and reach cells—> more respiration occurs = more energy
• Glycogen stores broken down into glucose—> more glucose reaches each cell—> more respiration occurs= more energy
Muscle fatigue—> Body anaerobically respires to combat energy loss—> lactic acid produced—> toxic chemical causing cramps and pain

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13
Q

What is the anaerobic respiration equation (in plant + fungi cells)?

A

Fermentation-
•Glucose—> Carbon dioxide + ethanol

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14
Q

What are benefits of fermentation?

A

Production of important products - Alcohol and bread (+others)

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15
Q

What is the chemical and word equation for photosynthesis?

A

• 6CO2+ 6H2O—> C6H12O6+ 6O2
• Carbon dioxide+ water —> glucose + oxygen

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16
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic- occurs in chloroplasts (chlorophyll absorbs light)

17
Q

What are the two main parts to photosynthesis?

A

1) Light dependant stage- Light energy splits water molecules into H+ ions and O2 gas
2) Light independent stage- H+ ions are added to CO2 to make glucose

18
Q

What are the main factors affecting photosynthesis?

A

•Temperature- Too hot denatures enzymes (vice versa) but at most hotter temperatures it speeds up photosynthesis
•Light intensity- higher amount means that more photosynthesis occurs (+ vice versa)
•CO2 concentration- larger conc. means more photosynthesis can occur

19
Q

What does the inverse square describe in photosynthesis?

A

•Light intensity= 1/distance2
EG as you increase the distance between a lamp and a green plant the light intensity decreases
IE as one factor increases, the other decreases

20
Q

How do plants use glucose from photosynthesis?

A

• Respiration
• Conversion to starch
•Conversion to fat
•Conversion to cellulose
• Production of amino acids

21
Q

What are plant adaptations allowing a maximum rate of photosynthesis?

A

• Broad leaves- Maximise surface area
•Thin leaves- short diffusion distance
•chlorophyll present - trap sunlight
• Veins- Transport water to leave via xylem, remove photosynthesis products via phloem
•Air spaces- allow CO2 to enter and O2 to leave
• Guard cells- control opening of stomata for gaseous exchange and prevent water loss

22
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

An environmental which can restrict the rate of photosynthesis eg light intensity

23
Q

How can farmers use their knowledge of limiting factors for increase their profits?

A

•Control Temp., light intensity, CO2 conc. to achieve the fastest possible rate of photosynthesis leading to a greater yield

24
Q

How is lactic acid transported away from the muscles?

A

Blood flow through the muscles transports lactic acid to the liver, where is is oxidised back to glucose

25
Q

How do cells use the energy transferred by respiration?

A

To continuously carry out enzyme- controlled processes which lead to synthesis of new molecules

AQA GCSE Biology (PAPER 1 - ORGANISATION) (5 decks)

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