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Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a enzyme?

A

A enzyme is a biological catalyst.

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2
Q

What happens to an enzyme when it gets too high or too low in temperature?

A

The enzyme denatures.

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3
Q

What is the name of a location where a substrate binds to an enzyme?

A

Active site

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4
Q

What happens to an enzyme when it becomes denatured?

A

The active site changes shape.

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5
Q

What effects the rate of reaction for enzymes?

A

Temperature

Ph Scale

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6
Q

What happens to the reaction rate of the enzyme when the temperature decreases

A

Not enough temperature can lead to a lack of energy between the enzyme and substrate.

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7
Q

What is a dependant variable?

A

A dependant variable is what you measure in the experiment and what you and what is affected during the experiment.

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8
Q

What is a independant variable?

A

A independant variable is a variable that isn’t affected by other variables.

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9
Q

What would optimal pH be for enzymes in the stomach?

A

Enzymes 1-6 acidic

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10
Q

What would optimal pH for enzymes in the small intestine?

A

Enzymes 8-14 alkali

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11
Q

What is carbohydrates broken down into?

A

Sugars

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12
Q

What is carbohydrates used for in the body?

A

Used as a energy resource for respiration

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13
Q

What do you use to test for starch in the food test practical?

A

You use iodine and if the colour turns dark blue it has starch.

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14
Q

What do you use to test for sugars in the food test practical?

A

Use Benedict solution, if the colour changes green yellow or red, it has sugars.

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15
Q

What is protein used for in the body?

A

Growth, repair, enzymes, antibodies, hormones

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16
Q

What are proteins broken into.

A

Breaks into amino acids

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17
Q

What can you use to test for proteins.

A

You can use a Biuret test which turns pink / purple.

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18
Q

How are lipids used in the body?

A

cell membranes, hormones, nervous system

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19
Q

What a lipids broken down into?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids.

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20
Q

How do you test for lipids?

A

Solution turns cloudy when ethanol is added.

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21
Q

Which enzymes are produced in the stomach?

A

Proteases.

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22
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gal bladder.

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23
Q

What are the two functions of bile?

A

to emulsify lipids to make a alkaline environment.

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24
Q

Where are carbohydrase produced?

A

The small intestine, pancreas, salivary glands.

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25
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

Small intestine, pancreas, stomach

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26
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Small intestine, Pancreas

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27
Q

What are the substrates of each enzyme:

Carbohydrase

Protease

Lipase

A

Carbohydrase = Carbohydrates

Protease = Protein

Lipase = Lipids

28
Q

Order of digestive system?

A

Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Large intestine
Small intestine
Rectum
Anus

29
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the arteries are narrowed or block due to fatty deposits causing less blood to be transferred to the heart.

30
Q

How can we help with coronary heart disease?

A

Wire mesh/Stent

  1. Wired mesh inserted into the artery
  2. Mesh/Stent inflated using a balloon to widen the artery.
31
Q

What is usually the cause of coronary heart disease?

A

Unhealthy diet, lack of exercise and genetics can cause high cholesterol levels.

32
Q

What is the disadvantage of using a stent/wired mesh?

A

Blood clot

33
Q

What is the issue if the heart tissues stiffen?

A

Blood cant flow / Blood flows backwards

34
Q

What can you do to treat a person that has there heart tissue stiffening?

A

Human donor

Which could still be rejected.

35
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Carries oxygen around the body

36
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Fight against pathogens

37
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Blood clotting at site of wound

38
Q

What is the function of the coronary artery?

A

Pumps blood into the heart.

39
Q

What does pulmonary artery do?

A

Carry de oxygenated blood to the lungs

40
Q

What are the differences between artery, Veins, Capillaries?

A

Arteries - Has very thick elastic fibres and muscle, Has a Lumen

Veins - Has slightly thick elastic fibre and muscles, has a smaller lumen than the artery.

Capillaries - No elastic fibre and muscle and has a very narrow lumen.

41
Q

What is communicable disease

A

Diseases which can be transferred between organisms

42
Q

What is non communicable disease?

A

Diseases which can not be transferred between organisms.

43
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Risk factors are factors that increase the likelihood of developing the disease. etc. Carcinogens.

44
Q

What is correlation?

A

Correlation is the link between two variables.

45
Q

What is causation?

A

One variable to cause another variable

46
Q

What is transpiration in a plant?

A

Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the stomata in the leaves of plants by evaporation or diffusion.

47
Q

What is the order of the movement of water in a plant?

A

Root hair cells, Xylem, mesophyll cells, evaporates and leaves through the stomata.

48
Q

Why are stomata found on the underside of leaves?

A

To be shaded from the sun.

49
Q

What happens to the rate of transpiration, if the temperature increases.

A

The rate of transpiration increases.

50
Q

Why does the rate of transpiration decrease when its very humid?

A

Because there will be less water inside the leaf than in the air

51
Q

What controls the opening and closing of the stomata?

A

Guard cells.

52
Q

What does the upper epidermis do?

A

Contains waxy cuticles which reduce water loss from evaporation.

  • Upper epidermis is transparent to allow light for photosynthesis.
53
Q

What is the function of the lower epidermis?

A

Contains stomata to allow carbon dioxide in for diffusion for photosynthesis

  • Controls water loss
54
Q

What is the function of mesophyll?

A
  • Where photosynthesis occurs.
  • All cells have chloroplasts.
55
Q

What is the upper mesophyll made up of?

A

Palisade cell - containing the highest amount of chloroplast to absorb as much sunlight as possible.

56
Q

What is the function of spongy mesophyll?

A
  • Contains air pockets for carbon dioxide and water vapour to enter as many cells as possible.
57
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of dissolved sugars in a plant.

58
Q

Red blood cells transport oxygen.
Explain how oxygen is moved from the lungs to the tissues

A

Oxygen combines with haemoglobin [1 mark]
to make oxyhaemoglobin [1 mark]

oxygen/oxyhaemoglobin transported in blood/blood vessels/arteries [1 mark]

oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen in tissues or splits to form oxygen and
haemoglobin [1 mark]

59
Q

Where are most food molecules absorbed?

A

Small intestine

60
Q

What are two adaptations of villi for its function?

A

The folded villi has a large surface area of the small intestine maximising absorption of digested food molecules.

The villi are made of a single layer of thin cells so there is a short diffusion path for the nutrients into the blood.

61
Q

What is the function of the villi

A

The function of the villi for the small intestine is to maximise food absorption and adding digestive secretions.

62
Q

The scientists could have used human embryonic stem cells to make the patches.

Give two advantages of using stem cells made from the person’s own cells, rather than using embryonic stem cells.

A

Adult can give consent

No risk of damage to the embryo

Cells wont be rejected

63
Q

The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells that act as a pacemaker.

Where in the heart are ‘pacemaker cells’ found?

A

Right Atrium

64
Q

Some people may be treated with a drug to slow there heart rate.

Digitalis is a drug that slows the heart rate.
Where does the drug digitalis originate from?

A

Foxgloves

65
Q

The student repeated the investigation using boiled pieces of carrot.

The pieces of carrot did not change in mass

A

the (partially permeable / cell)
membrane was damaged

Biology (8 decks)

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