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Biology > Infection and response > Flashcards

Infection and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease.

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2
Q

Why are viruses not considered living organisms?

A

Because it cant reproduce unless it hijacks another cell.

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3
Q

What is the body’s first line of defence against contaminated food and drink?

A

Hydrochloric acid from the stomach.

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4
Q

What term is used to describe an organism that does not cause disease itself, but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another?

A

Vector

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5
Q

Read the information about TB then answer the questions that
follow:

“Tuberculosis (TB) is a dangerous disease that is caused by a
bacterium called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. When a person with TB
coughs and sneezes, the bacteria get into the air and then other people
may breathe them in.”

State the part of the body that TB bacteria invade and describe
how this part of the body defends itself from infection.
____________________________________________________

A
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6
Q

Read the information about TB then answer the questions that
follow:

“Tuberculosis (TB) is a dangerous disease that is caused by a
bacterium called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. When a person with TB
coughs and sneezes, the bacteria get into the air and then other people
may breathe them in.”

State the part of the body that TB bacteria invade and describe
how this part of the body defends itself from infection.

A

airways/bronchi/lungs/bronchioles [1]; mucus there traps pathogens/TB/
bacteria [1] cilia move/waft mucus away [1]

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7
Q

Describe how TB bacteria cause disease after they have entered the
body?

A

Releases toxins (1), that damage cells or tissues (1)

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8
Q

What are the possible symptoms of food poisoning?

A

Pathogen: Salmonella

Cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea, fever

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9
Q

What are the possible symptoms of gonnorhea

A

Pathogen: Gonorrhea

Yellow discharge from genitals.

Pain urinating.

Possibly symptomless.

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10
Q

What is the cause of gonorrhoea?

A

Unprotected sex.

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Pathogen: Measles viruses

Fever, Rash, Blindness, brain damage

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of AIDS?

A

Pathogens: HIV

Flu

No immune system with AIDS

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Tobacco Mosaic Virus for plants?

A

Inability to photosynthesize.

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of black rose spot for plants?

A

Pathogen: Fungi

Causes black spot on leaves which reduce photosynthesis

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15
Q

How to prevent black rose spot?

A

Burning affected leaves / fungicide spray

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Malaria?

A

Recurrent fever when pathogen bursts out of liver and red blood cells?

Occurs from a bite of a female mosquito’s.

17
Q

How do you prevent Malaria?

A

Anti malarial drugs.

Insecticide.

18
Q

How could a gardener identify a plant that was infected with Agrobacterium tumefacians?

A

Crown galls between roots and shoots

19
Q

Another disease that plants can suffer from is rose black spot

What microorganism causes rose black spot?

A

Fungi

20
Q

HIV and measles are both diseases that humans can contract. Compare the
similarities and differences between both diseases.

Include what causes each disease.
How they are spread.
How they can be prevented.

A

similarities:

both caused by a virus [1],

both are communicable [1]

both are incurable [1]
differences:

Measles are spread by droplet infection [1]

HIV spread through bodily fluids/blood/unprotected sex [1];

measles is prevented by vaccination [1]

measles causes rash/fever/blindness/brain damage [1];

HIV/AIDS causes lowered to non-existent immune system [1]

21
Q

What is a antigen?

A

Antigens are unique proteins on the surface of cells.

22
Q

What is antibodies?

A

Antibodies are proteins that bind to antigens to damage pathogens or clump them together.

23
Q

What is antitoxins?

A

Antitoxins counteract / cancel out the toxins released by pathogens.

24
Q

Describe the role of white blood cells.

A
  1. Recognise antigens on invaders.
  2. Engulf pathogens.
  3. Produce antibodies to match the pathogens antigens.
  4. Produce anti toxins to counteract pathogens toxins.
25
Q

Describe how vaccines work.

A

1.Injected with dead or weakened pathogen

  1. White blood cell makes correct antibody
  2. When real pathogen invades, antibodies released rapidly + in large quantities.
26
Q

Describe how a person develops a natural immunity to a communicable disease like chicken pox.

A

pathogen invades body and has surface markers/proteins called antigens [1]

‘foreign’ cell/antigen recognised by immune system/white blood cell [1]

white blood cell makes an antibody [1] that specifically match the antigen [1]

antibodies cause pathogens to clump together [1] so they can easily be engulfed(by other white blood cells) [1]

or they stop pathogen entering cells [1];

antibodies circulate in the body and are made rapidly and instantly on the 2nd
invasion by that pathogen [1]

[6 mark]

27
Q

Suggest the main benefit of vaccinating lots of people against a disease.

A

Herd immunity

28
Q

Name a example of a painkiller.

A

Aspirin

29
Q

What is the first antibiotic made?

A

penicillin (You dumb shit)

30
Q

What is the criteria to develop a new drug?

A

Safety - Non toxic, few side effects

Effective - Treats symptoms, cure, prevent

Stable - Easily storable, used under normal conditions.

Successfully taken into + out of the body - reaches right area of the body to do its jo, safely broken down + excreted from the body.

31
Q

The first stage of testing a new drug involves computer modelling followed by testing on cells, tissues and animals. What is this stage known as?

A

Pre clinical trial.

32
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

A type of clinical when neither the patients nor doctors know who is receiving the drug and placebo.

reduces bias

Placebo - dummy drug

33
Q

What is a blind trial?

A

occurs when the patient is unaware who has been given the drug or the placebo.

34
Q

What is antispetics?

A

Chemicals that kill bacteria on the skin surface but are too potent to be taken into the body.

Biology (8 decks)

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