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Biology > Inheritance, Variation and Evolution > Flashcards

Inheritance, Variation and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

Physical appearance of the genes.

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2
Q

What is a gene?

A

Controls a characteristic

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3
Q

What is a allele?

A

Different forms of a gene

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4
Q

What does it mean if a phenotype is DOMINANT?

A

Characteristic is dominant even if allele is present on 1 chromosome.

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5
Q

What does it mean by a phenotype is RECESSIVE?

A

Allele must be on both chromosomes.

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6
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Alleles for a gene.

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7
Q

What is Homozygous?

A

2 IDENTICAL alleles for a characteristic.

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8
Q

What is Heterozygous?

A

2 DIFFERENT alleles for a characteristic.

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9
Q

Where does Meiosis occur?

A

In the testes or ovaries.

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10
Q

What are the steps of Meiosis?

A
  1. Diploid (2n) cell from either testes or ovaries will contain 46 chromosomes.
  2. Each Chromosome duplicates its genetic material
  3. Each duplicated chromosome inherited from mother pairs up with the same duplicated chromosome inherited from the father.
  4. Each chromosome pair is separated and the cell divides
  5. Now there are two cells with either maternally or paternally inherited chromosome. All chromosomes line up centrally
  6. Each duplicated copy is separated as these cells complete the second meiosis division.

From 1 cell there are now 4 cells each of which has half (haploid, n) number of chromosomes as the original and are genetically different.

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11
Q

Differences in Mitosis and Meiosis?

A

Any of these:

Mitosis make 2 cells / Meiosis makes 4 cells

Mitosis divides once / Meiosis divides twice

Mitosis cells are diploids (2n) at the end / Meiosis cells are haploids (n) 23 in the end.

Mitosis has no variation in cells / Meiosis does have variation in cells

Meiosis does not increase species survival chance / Meiosis increases species survival chance due to natural selection,

Mitosis has fast reproduction / Meiosis has slower reproduction.

Mitosis is used for growth + repair / Meiosis is used to produce gametes (Sperm + Egg).

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12
Q

Order in sizes of smallest to biggest:

Gene
DNA
Nucleus
Chromosome

A

DNA
Gene
Chromosome
Nucleus

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13
Q

What is a genome?

A

The ENTIRE GENETIC makeup of an organism.

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14
Q

What are the uses of understanding genomes?

A

Learning genome of other organisms can lead to us understanding causes of communicable disease.

Understand inherited diseases.

Tracing genomes away from common ancestors.

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15
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there in human cells?

A

23

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16
Q

What is Polydactyly?

A

When you are born with extra fingers or toes?

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17
Q

What type of allele is Polydactyly?

A

Dominant - Only needs to be inherited by 1 parent

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18
Q

hat is the genotype of an individual who is homozygous recessive for polydactyl?

A

pp

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19
Q

How is cystic fibrosis caused?

A

Causes by a mutation in a protein in the cell membranes.

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20
Q

What does happens to a person with Cystic fibrosis?

A

Mucus is thick and sticky (usually meant to be runny)

Causes germs to stay in the stomach leading to a infection.

Can cause breathing difficulties.

Can cause Pancreatic duct to become blocked so food struggles to digest.

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21
Q

What allele is Cystic Fibrosis caused by?

A

Caused by a recessive allele.

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22
Q

What are the chances of cystic fibrosis to be inherited with heterozygous dominant alleles.

A

25%

23
Q

What the different type of Screening for genetic disorders?

A
  1. DNA analysis of IVF embryo cell.
  2. DNA Analysis of cells from the placenta.
  3. DNA Analysis of cells found in amniotic fluid.

As the list goes down it happens later in the pregnancy.

24
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Screening?

A

ADVANTAGES:

Money can be saved by not treating individuals with disorders who have been aborted.

Will prejudice occur?

Child and parents would avoid a potentially poor quality of life

DISADVANTAGES:

Screening is expensive

Embryo cannot give consent.

Screening can damage healthy individuals.

Lead to miscarriage

25
Q

What is a species?

A

A species is a group of organisms with similar characteristics that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

26
Q

Name 3 type of genotype characteristics.

A

Gender

Blood type

Dimples

27
Q

Name 3 environmental characteristics.

A

Accent

Tan

Weight

Height

28
Q

How does natural selection work?

A
  1. Variation exists in the population to due mutation (changes in the DNA) that affect our characteristics.
  2. Advantageous characteristics help the individual in that species to survive
  3. Survivors have more chance of reproducing

4.Offspring may inherit the advantageous of characteristic

  1. The frequency of this characteristic in the population increases over time.
29
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in inherited characteristics of a population.

30
Q

How does natural selection occur?

A

NATURAL SELECTION occurs when mixed population of a species is faced with an environmental challenge -

Some versions of genes are advantageous and ensure the survival and reproduction of that individual so these genes are passed onto future generations.

31
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

When humans artificially select the animals or plants they want to breed together so that the genes for a desired characteristic can remain in the population.

32
Q

Name a example of selective breeding.

A

Breeding a cow with high milk yield and a bull with high milk yield.

Breeding disease resistant plants.

33
Q

What does selective breeding do to the variation of a species.

A

Can lead to difficulty for species to adapt to environmental change.

34
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

A process which involves modifying a genome by introducing a gene from another organism to get a desired characteristic

35
Q

How does genetic engineering work?

A

A gene is cut out from the desired characteristic organism

Then is put into the nucleus of the other organism which then divides which gives the organism the desired characteristic.

36
Q

Benefits of genetically modified milk and sheep.

A

Medicines can be produced and nutrients can be produced

37
Q

How do we produce genetically modified insulin?

A
  1. Remove DNA from insulin producing cell.
  2. Enzyme cut out of insulin gene.
  3. Bacterial cell plasmid is removed and cut open.
  4. Insert the insulin gene into the cut open plasmid.
  5. The new recombinant plasmid divides by binary fission to produce clones.
  6. Which is then collected then purified
  7. Inserted into a diabetic patient.
38
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified insulin.

A

ADVANTAGES:

More drug to supply the growing demand.

Less side affects.

DISADVANTAGES:

Only works if bacteria are capable of making human protein.

39
Q

Some people have concerns about introducing genes into crop plants.

Give two reasons why people may have concerns about introducing new genes into crop plants.

A

Any two from:
Concern about effects on human (health) [1]

Concern about food chain effects or effects on ecosystem [1]

Effect on gene pool [1]

Long term effects not known [1]

40
Q

Other than the plant being resistant to insects, give one other advantage of
producing a GM crop.

A

Any one from:

Higher yield

Resistance to pesticides.

Longer shelf life

Resistance to disease

41
Q

What is a fossil?

A

The remains or impressions of a plant or animal that lived millions of years ago.

42
Q

How does fossil formation occur?

A

Animal dies and is covered in sediment

More layers of sediments mean no oxygen, no decay pressure from upper sediment layers.

Skeleton is replaced by minerals. Become rock

Earth movements may crack the rock exposing the fossils.

43
Q

Name 3 ways fossil formation occurs.

A

Sediments layer on dead animal meaning no oxygen.

Amber / Ice preservation

Footprints impressions

44
Q

What does fossil records tell us?

A

Tells us the adaptations of animals

The environment they lived in

Proves that evolution happens.

Example: Horse had 4 toes giving it large surface area so they don’t sink in swamps.

45
Q

Why do modern creatures have incomplete fossil records?

A

Ancestors were soft bodied.

Where there ancestors died decay always occurred.

Not yet found.

46
Q

Name 2 ways to prove evolution.

A

Fossil records

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics.

47
Q

What is extinction?

A

The permanant loss of all individuals of the same species.

48
Q

Who made the Binomial classification?

A

Carl Linnaeus

49
Q

What is the order of Binomial classification.

A

KINGDOM

PHYLUM

CLASS

ORDER

FAMILY

GENUS

SPECIES

50
Q

How to humans fit into the binomial classification system?

A

KINGDOM: ANIMAL

PHYLUM: CHORDATA (SPINAL CORD)

CLASS: MAMMALIA (MAMMALS)

ORDER: PRIMATE

FAMILY: HOMINIDAE

GENUS: HOMO

SPECIES: SAPIENS

Binomial name: H. Sapiens

51
Q

What are the 3 domain systems?

A

Prokaryotes:
Archaea(Primitive bacteria / extremophiles)

Eukaryotes

52
Q

How do you know animals have become extinct using the evolutionary tree.

A

The animals have not made it to the top of the evolutionary tree.

53
Q

Who made the 3 domain system?

A

Carl woese

54
Q

What information do scientists use to create evolutionary trees?

A

Biochemical analysis

Observation of physical similarities and differences

DNA Analysis

Biology (8 decks)

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