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Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryotic cells have genetic material in there nucleus.

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell that does not have there genetic material contained within a nucleus.

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3
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Release energy locked up in glucose using aerobic respiration.

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4
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material.

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5
Q

Name a structure of a bacteria cell but that is not within a plant or animal cell.

A

A Flagellum - helps bacteria swim
Slime capsule - so bacteria does not dry out
Loops of genetic material

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6
Q

What does cytoplasm do?

A

location of many chemical reactions.

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7
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell etc oxygen goes in.

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8
Q

What does a ribosome do?

A

Ribosome is the site for protein synthesis.

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9
Q

Which structures of the plant cells are not in the animal cells:

A. Cell wall, mitochondria, ribosome

B. Chloroplasts, Cell wall, Permanent Vacuole

C. Cell membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm

A

B - Chloroplasts, cell wall, permanent vacuole

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10
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Made up of cellulose, strengthens the cell

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11
Q

What does the permanent vacuole do?

A

Filled with cell sap that keeps the cell turgid.

  • Keeps it turgid by regulating the amount of water present inside the cell.
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12
Q

What does chloroplasts do?

A

Traps sunlight using chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

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13
Q

What is the size of a animal cell typically in micrometres?

A

10 - 30 micrometres

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14
Q

What is the size of a plant cell typically in micrometres?

A

10 -100 micrometres

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15
Q

What is the size of a bacteria cell typically in micrometres?

A

1 micrometre

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16
Q

How many centimetres in a meter?

A

100cm = 1m

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17
Q

How many millimetres in a centimetre?

A

10mm = 1m

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18
Q

How many nanometres in 1 micrometre?

A

1000nm = 1 micrometre

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19
Q

What is the equation for Image size?

A

image size = actual size x magnification.

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20
Q

What is the definition of magnification?

A

How much bigger the image is compared to the actual specimen.

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21
Q

What is the definition of resolution?

A

Resolution is the ability of a microscope to distinguish details of a specimen or sample.

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22
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of a light telescope.

A

Advantages: Cheap, Portable, can view living specimens.

Disadvantages: Low magnification, low resolution

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23
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of an electron microscope.

A

Advantages: More detailed, high magnification, high resolution.

Disadvantages: Dead specimen, must be kept in specific conditions, not portable

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24
Q

Name the two type of electron microscopes.

A

Transmission Electron Microscope - More detail, and only see in 2d.

Scanning Electron Microscope - Not as high detail but can view in 3d.

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25
Q

Name the steps of mitosis.

A

1.DNA replicates to form X shaped chromosomes, subcellular structures divide, the cell grows bigger

  1. Nucleus disappears, chromosome lines up at the centre of the cell.

3.Cell fibres pull the two identical arms of each chromosome apart and towards opposite pole of the cell.

  1. A new nucleus forms around each set of chromosomes.
  2. Cytoplasm divides forming 2 identical daughter cells.
26
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Strips of tightly coiled DNA.

27
Q

How many chromosomes does the normal human have?

A

46 chromosomes

23 pairs

28
Q

What is a gene and what does it do?

A

A gene is a sequence of DNA and it codes for a characteristic.

29
Q

Give 3 reasons why mitosis occurs.

A

-Growth of organism and cells

-Replacement of cells.

-Repair tissues

30
Q

Why do lengths of cell cycle vary in different tissues?

A

Different cell replacement rates.

31
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of a substance from a area of high concentration to low concentration.

32
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of a water from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a semi permeable membrane.

33
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of a substance from a low concentration to a high concentration using energy for respiration.

34
Q

What are two adaptations of a root hair cells to absorb water?

A
  1. Has a large surface area to increase the rate of absorption.
  2. Each root hair has a semi permeable membrane
35
Q

Give 2 ways muscle cells are specialised for there function.

A
  1. Special proteins that slide over one another making muscle’s contract.

2.Many mitochondria to transfer energy for these contractions.

36
Q

Give 2 ways sperm cells are specialised for their function.

A
  1. Has a tail to swim
  2. Many mitochondria to transfer energy to the tail to swim.
37
Q

Give 2 ways nerve cells are specialised in their function.

A

1.Contains Dendrites to connect with other cells

  1. Has a axon which conducts electrical impulse in 1 direction
38
Q

What is a xylem cell?

A

Transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves.

39
Q

What is a phloem cell?

A

Transport the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

40
Q

What is the cellular organisation for plants?

A

Root hair cell - Root tissue - Root -Transport system - Plant

41
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A undifferentiated cell that is capable of becoming other cell types.

42
Q

What is an advantage of an embryonic stem cell than an adult stem cell?

A

They are totipotent meaning they can differentiate into any cell. While adult stem cells cant only differentiate into some cells (multipotent).

43
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

When a cell differentiates it produces sub cellular structures to become a specialised cell adapted to its function.

44
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

They are mostly found in small numbers in most adult tissues such as bone marrow.

45
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Therapeutic cloning is the production of stem cells with the same genetic make up as the patient.

-The technique involves the transfer of the nucleus from a cell of a patient to an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed.

46
Q

Unspecialised stem cells in plants are grouped together in a structure called: ______

A

Meristems.

47
Q

What are the advantages of using embryonic stem cells?

A
  • Totipotent
    -The embryo is destroyed anyways
    -Therapeutic cloning
48
Q

What are the disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells?

A

-Right to life
-Unable to consent
-rejection

49
Q

During ventilation, in which order does air enter the lungs out of the following:

A. Bronchi, bronchiole, trachea, alveoli

B. Trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli

C. Bronchi, trachea, bronchiole, alveoli

D. Bronchi, trachea, bronchiole, alveoli

A

B. Trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli

50
Q

Name a characteristic of alveoli that make them efficient in gas exchange.

A

Rich blood supply in capillaries.

51
Q

Name 3 factors that speed up diffusion.

A
  1. Increase in temperature
  2. Increase in concentration gradient
  3. Small surface area to volume ratio
52
Q

What happens during gas exchange?

A

Oxygen moves down the concentration gradient from the air in the alveoli to the blood. Same with carbon dioxide.

53
Q

How does osmosis benefit red blood cells in mammals?

A

Osmosis helps red blood cells keep its shape.

54
Q

How does osmosis benefit plant cells?

A

Osmosis moves into the vacuole causing the cell to swell and making it turgid however with a cell wall it prevents it from bursting.

55
Q

Why is the shape and tiny size of the alveoli an advantage?

A

Gives them high surface area to volume ratio to maximise rate of diffusion.

56
Q

Why does oxygen move into the capillaries from the alveoli?

A

Because there is a high concentration of oxygen in the lungs and low concentration in the blood

57
Q

What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs called?

A

Alveoli

58
Q

Describe why diffusion is important in plants and animals.

For both plants and animals you need to give examples of the substances that are diffusing.

A

animal:

oxygen diffuses from lungs into the blood/from the blood into cells [1]

carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into the blood/from blood into the lungs [1]

digested/soluble food from the small intestine into the blood/from the blood into the cells [1]

water from large intestine into blood [1]

plant:
carbon dioxide diffuses into the stomata [1] from air spaces (in the leaf) into cells (for photosynthesis) [1]

water absorption from soil into roots [1]

mineral ion absorption from soil into roots (provided there is more mineral ions outside the root) [1]

59
Q

Dissolved sugars are moved through a plant in phloem tissue.

What is the name of the process that moves dissolved sugars through phloem tissue?

A

Translocation

60
Q

Explain one way sieve tube cells are specialised for their function.

A

They have pores in the end walls so dissolved sugars can move from cell to cell

Or

No nucleus to maximise space for dissolved sugars movement

61
Q

Describe why it is important that dissolved sugars are moved both upwards and downwards in a plant.

A

Sugars are made in the leaves by photosynthesis

All cells / tissues need sugar for respiration

Transported for storage as starch fat / oil

Biology (8 decks)

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