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Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are enzymes? What denatures them?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts made from protein.
Protein is made from long chains of amino acids.
They denature at high temperatures, roughly 40 degrees and denature at roughly a PH of 7.

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2
Q

Why are enzymes produced to help digestion?

A

Enzymes react with the food and break it into smaller pieces which then can pass into the blood.

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3
Q

where is amylase produced and what is it?

A

It is produced in the pancreas and the mouth. Amylase is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch.

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4
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Lipase is produced in the pancreas and the small intestine.

It breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol (its original properties).

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5
Q

Where is bile produced and where is it stored?

A

It’s produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

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6
Q

What does bile do, what helps it do this?

A

Bile neutralises acid from the stomach because it is alkaline. It also emulsifies (breaks down) fat globules into fat droplets. Because of the alkaline conditions and the large surface area of the droplets, the lipase breaks down the fats much quicker.

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7
Q

What diffuses in and out of the blood in the lungs?

A

Oxygen diffuses in and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood in the lungs

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8
Q

What are three properties of the alveoli that help them do their job?

A

A very large surface area
thin cell walls that allow diffusion of gases
A very good blood supply

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9
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when we breathe in and out? What happens to our lungs?

A

When we inhale the diaphragm moves up, the lungs expand and when we exhale the diaphragm is pushed down, the lungs get smaller.

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10
Q

What is the circulatory system responsible for?

A

Pumping blood around the body

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11
Q

Why do we need blood to be pumped around the body (what does it contain)? How does this help cells in our body?

A

Blood contains oxygen and glucose which is needed so that all the cells in our body produce energy through respiration.

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12
Q

What are the main organs in the circulatory system?

A

The heart, the lungs and the kidneys.

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13
Q

What does the blood pumped from the right ventricle go and what does it do?

A

It goes to the lungs to pick up oxygen. The blood is then taken back to the heart.

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14
Q

What does the blood go once it reaches the left ventricle and what does it do there? Why does it do this?

A

The blood gets sent to the intestine (where oxygen and glucose is removed) and the rest of the body (where oxygen is removed). This is to allow the organs and cells to respire, once this is completed the blood is sent back to the heart and this happens all over again.

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15
Q

what do arteries do and what helps it do this job?

A

They pump very high pressure blood away from the heart to the rest of the organs. They have thick walls to withstand the high blood pressure.

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16
Q

What is a main feature of a capillary that allows it to do its job?

A

Capillaries have thin walls (one cell thick) to allow glucose and oxygen to diffuse through it to the cells outside the cell wall.

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17
Q

What do veins do? What is a feature they have which allows them to do this job?

A

They carry low pressure blood back to the heart.

They have valves to prevent backflow of the slow moving blood.

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18
Q

What do red blood cells contain and what do they do?

A

Red blood cells contain haemoglobin (the oxygen carrying molecule) which carrys oxygen around the body. They have no nucleus and have a large surface area.

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19
Q

What are platelets and what do they do?

A

Platelets are remnants of other cells which wait for a cut to happen so they can clot it (causing a scab to from).

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20
Q

what do white blood cells do? and how does having a nucleus help this?

A

They kill invading microbes by producing antitoxins and antibodies, or engulfing the microbe. The nucleus instructs the white blood cell on how to do its job.

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21
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Plasma transports CO2 to the lungs to be exhaled as well as taking waste products to the kidneys.

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22
Q

What does the pacemaker do and what does it control and how? What happens if this fails?

A

The cardiac muscle cells on the right hand side of the heart which controls the heartbeat called the pacemaker. They control the heartbeat by sending out small electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract. If this fails an artificial pacemaker can be fitted.

23
Q

How is the red blood cell shaped and how does this help with its function

A

it has sort of dimples, which allows diffusion at a higher rate due to the higher surface area. It also has no nucleus which allows more space for the haemoglobin

24
Q

mental health

A

severe physical illness can lead to mental illnesses and depression.
Physical health can affect your mental and vice versa.

25
Q

how can different diseases interact to make someone’s health worse?

A

defects in the immune system can make someone sustainable to suffering the consequences of the virus or disease.
viruses in living cells can be a trigger for cancer

26
Q

How can lifestyle affect non communicable diseases/ make you more vulnerable?

A

Obesity can lead to type 2 diabetes
alcohol can affect brain function and the liver
smoking and alcohol can lead an unborn baby to have birth defects
carcinogens can cause cancer
smoking can cause lung cancer and lung disease
smoking, diet and exercise can lead to cardiovascular disease

27
Q

what is benign cell?

A

It is a growth of cells based in one area, normally contained by a cell membrane. They do not invade other parts of the body.

28
Q

what equation represents photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water =(light), glucose + oxygen

29
Q

what are possible limiting factors when it comes to photosynthesis

A 
carbon dioxide concentration
light intensity 
water
temperature 
the amount of chlorophyll
30
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function

31
Q

what is an organ

A

a group of tissues working together for a specific function

32
Q

what are organ system

A

a group of organs that work together to form organisms

33
Q

what is a carbohydrase?

A

A digestive enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

34
Q

what does protease do?

A

It breaks down proteins into amino acids which then are absorbed by the bloodstream and the amino acids are turned into human protein.

35
Q

what is the lock and key theory?

A

Enzymes have a specific active site. This means that only certain substrates can fit into this active site. Substrates with different shapes cannot fit into certain active sites meaning that enzymes cannot break it down.

36
Q

what is a lipid?

A

lipase, with three fatty acid molecules

37
Q

what are proteins made from?

A

amino acids

38
Q

Required Practical 5: Effect of pH on Amylase

A

First you place one drop of iodine into each well of spotting tile, starch turns blue black in iodine.
You then get three separate tubes and place 2cm cubed of starch solution in one, 2cm cubed of an amylase solution in another and 2cm cubed of a pH 5 buffer.
Next you place them all in a warm bath and allow them to reach their optimal temp after 10 mins.
You then mix them and return them to the bath.
After 30 seconds you place a drop of the solution in the iodine well using the stirring rod the solution should turn blue, black.
Every 30 secs you do this to each well until the iodine no longer turns blue, black showing that starch is not present.
You then repeat this with different pH buffers.

39
Q

What are the tests for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?

A

Take the food and grind it with distilled water using a mortar and pestle.
then transfer this to a beaker with more distilled water so the chemicals dilate.
then filter the solution to remove suspended food particles.
First you place 2 cm cubed of solution you want to test.
For starch you use iodine and it should turn blue-black.
for glucose, place 10 drops of benedict’s solution which is blue, then place it in a beaker filled halfway with hot water, if it’s green there’s a bit, yellow=decent amount, red=lots.
testing for proteins, you put a few drops of biuret solution and if it turns from blue to purple its present.
for lipids you don’t filter the grinded food solution, you then place a few drops of water and ethanol and it should turn cloudy white.

40
Q

how is the small intestine adapted for the products of digestion?

A

The interior of the small intestine is covered in villi which have a large surface area and microvilli which also are shaped to have a large surface area for the absorption of molecules. The villi has a thin membrane for a short diffusion path. The villi also have a very good blood supply and the bloodstream removes the products of digestion.

41
Q

what does the vena cava do?

A

brings in deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

42
Q

what does the pulmonary vein do?

A

brings in oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

43
Q

what do the left and right ventricles do?

A

they get the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and pump it to the body.

44
Q

aorta

A

oxygenated blood away from heart

45
Q

pulmonary artery

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

46
Q

what are the valves used for

A

prevents backflow

47
Q

what is heart failure?

A

when the blood cannot pump enough blood around the body

48
Q

what is a malignant tumor?

A

A tumor that moves into the bloodstream and invades other tissues, this is classed as cancer.

49
Q

what are things that can increase your chances of getting cancer?

A

lung cancer- smoking
skin cancer-UV light
lung cancer-radon, a radioactive substance in the air

50
Q

what does chlorophyll do?

A

absorbs the light energy on the plants

51
Q

what does the amount of chlorophyll have to do with the rate of photosynthesis?

A

the more chlorophyll, the more

52
Q

how does temperature affect photosynthesis to a certain point?

A

The higher the temp, the faster the enzymes work, but if the temp gets too high the enzymes denature

53
Q

Photosynthesis practical

A

First you place an LED light bulb 10 cm away from the boiling tube,
then you will add sodium hydrogen carbonate solution,
you will place a pondweed with the cut end on top
you wait 5 mins for it to acclimatise
put a stopwatch and count the number of bubbles in a minute, do this. few more times and find the mean.
you then repeat the experiment at 20 cm, then 30 cm and finally 40 cm.
for more accurate results, you place a funnel leading to a measuring cylinder that measures the volume

54
Q

what is the inverse square law

A

when the distance is doubled, the amount of bubbles is divided by 4

Biology (8 decks)

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