Cell Biology

Question 1

What type of cells are plant and animal cells?

Answer 1

Eukaryotic cells

Question 2

What type of a cells are bacterial cells?

Answer 2

Prokaryotic cells

Question 3

What are bacterial cells and yeast both examples of?

Answer 3

Single celled organisms

Question 4

What is the membrane and cytoplasm surrounded by in a bacterial cell?

Answer 4

A cell wall

Question 5

What are NOT in a distinct nucleus in a bacterial cell?

Answer 5

The genes of the bacterial cell

Question 6

What are the 5 things that make up an animal cell? What do they do/what takes place there?

Answer 6

Cytoplasm- this is where the reactions happen
Nucleus- controls the cell’s activities
Cell membrane- controls what comes in and out
Ribosomes- protein synthesis happens here
Mitochondria- energy is released during aerobic respiration.

Question 7

What are the 5 things that make up a plant cell? What do they do/what takes place there?

Answer 7

Cell wall- made of cellulose which strengthens the cell
Cell membrane- controls what comes in and out
Large vacuole- contains sap and helps support the cell
Chloroplasts- contains chlorophyll, which is needed for photosynthesis
Nucleus- controls what the cell does and contains information
Cytoplasm- chemical reactions happen here

Question 8

What do red blood cells do?

Answer 8

Carry oxygen around the body

Question 9

What do chromosomes contain?

Answer 9

genetic information (genes)

Question 10

When are chromosomes normally duplicated?

Answer 10

They are replicated every time a cell

divides by mitosis.

Question 11

How much more, less or the same amount of chromosomes and genetic information does a daughter cell have in comparison to their parent, in mitosis

Answer 11

Each daughter cell has
the same number of
chromosomes and
genetic information as
the parent

Question 12

What is mitosis used for?

Answer 12

The growth and repair of cells

Question 13

What type of reproduction is mitosis used in?

Answer 13

Asexual reproduction

Question 14

What is meiosis used to produce?

Answer 14

It is used to produce gametes

Question 15

Where does meiosis occur?

Answer 15

It occurs in the testes and ovaries

Question 16

In the daughter cell in meiosis, how many chromosomes does it have in comparison to the parent?

Answer 16

The daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes

Question 17

What happens during meiosis?

Answer 17

During meiosis copies of the genetic information are made, the divides twice to form 4 daughter cells.

Question 18

How many times do the cells divide during meiosis?

Answer 18

In meiosis the cells divide two to produce an overall number of 4 daughter cells.

Question 19

How many times do the cells divide during mitosis?

Answer 19

once producing 2 daughter cells

Question 20

What is a stem cell? Where can they be found?

Answer 20

A stem cell is a cell that hasn’t been specialised yet, meaning that they can differentiate into any type of cell. They can be found in embryos and bone marrow.

Question 21

Why is it controversial to use stem cells from embryos?

Answer 21

Yes, there are many people that believe that embryos should be treated as humans and this has lead to stem cell research (using embryos) coming to a halt in the UK.

Question 22

Why are stem cells so important?

Answer 22

because the cells has not been specialised yet, that means that doctors can control the cells that they specialise into and restore cells that have been killed in the back that causes spinal injury (paralysis).

Question 23

How are sugar molecules taken into the blood?

Answer 23

They are absorbed from gut into the blood using active transport.

Question 24

what are the stages for mitosis

Answer 24

firstly, the genetic material is doubled then divided into two identical cells.
Before a cell can replicate it needs to increase the amount of subcellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria, therefore the DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome.
The cytoplasm and cell membrane also divide into two to from two identical cells.

Question 25

where are stem cells in plants found and how long does it last for

Answer 25

the meristem and it can specialize into any cell throughout the cells life

Question 26

why can the stem cells in plants be useful?

Answer 26

it allows farmers to clone rare plants and grow new ones on demand, it also can be useful to clone a plant that is disease resistant or has a special mutation that makes it more useful than the other plants.

Question 27

where else (apart from an embryo) can a stem cell be found?

Answer 27

in the umbilical cord

bone marrow

Question 28

what happens during mitosis?

Answer 28

First, the DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome. Then, the cell grows and copies its internal structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes. Then, the nucleus duplicates, and one set of each chromosome will be pulled to each end of the cell, the cell membrane and the cytoplasm divide and make two identical cells.

Question 29

what is mitosis good for?

Answer 29

growth and development of multicellular organisms

and repair, for example a broken bone.

Question 30

what can bone marrow stem cells differentiate into?

Answer 30

white and red blood cells and platelets

Question 31

what are the negatives of using bone marrow stem cells?

Answer 31

The stem cells must be compatible with the donor and could be rejected.
There could be viral diseases transferred from the donor to the patient. `

Question 32

Describe the process of therapeutic cloning.

Answer 32

An embryo is created using the same genes as the person who needs the transplant, this allows the body to accept it. Once its implanted in the body, the undifferentiated cells grow and repair the damaged or missing cells.