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Chemistry A Level > Organic Synthesis Pathways > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis Pathways Flashcards

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1
Q

Haloalkanes –> Alcohols*

A

Nucleophilic substitution. NaOH(aq)/heat under reflux. Alkaline hydrolysis.

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2
Q

Haloalkanes –> Nitriles*

A

Nucleophilic substitution. KCN/heat under reflux.

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3
Q

Primary Chlororalkanes –> Primary Amines

A

Two-step synthesis. 1. Nucleophilic substitution. 2. Base displacement. Excess NH3 dissolved in methanol and add NaOH(aq)

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4
Q

Benzene –> Nitrobenzene*

A

Electrophilic substitution. Concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4, at 50 degrees to prevent further subsitution.

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5
Q

Nitrobenzene –> Phenylamine

A

Reduction. Tin and concentrated HCl/heat under reflux.

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6
Q

Phenylamine –> Phenylammonium ion

A

Nuetrilisation. HCl and rtp.

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7
Q

Benzene –> Halobenzene*

A

Electrophilic substitution. Anhydrous AlX3 and rtp.

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8
Q

Benzene + Chloroalkane –> Alkyl Benzene*

A

Electrophilic substitution. Anhydrous AlCl3/FeCl3

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9
Q

Benzene + Acyl Chloride –> Phenylketone*

A

Electrophilic substitution. Anhydrous AlCl3/FeCl3

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10
Q

Phenol to 2,4,6 tribromophenol

A

Electrophilic substitution. 3Br2 and rtp. White ppt forms.

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11
Q

Phenol to 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol

A

Electrophilic substitution. HNO3 and rtp

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12
Q

Phenol –> phenoxide ion

A

salt formation/neutrislation/acidity reaction. NaOH and rtp.

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13
Q

Phenol –> phenyl ester

A

Esterfication. rtp.

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14
Q

Aldehydes –> carboxylic acids

A

Oxidation. K2Cr2O7/H2SO4/heat under reflux.

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15
Q

Aldehydes –> primary alcohols*

A

Reduction. Nucleophilic addition. NaBH4/H20 and heat.

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16
Q

Aldehydes –> secondary alcohols*

A

Reduction. Nucleophilic addition. NaBH4/H20 and heat.

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17
Q

Aldehydes –> 2-hydroxy nitriles*

A

Nucleophilic addition. NaCN/H2SO4 and heat

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18
Q

Ketones –> 2-hydroxy nitriles*

A

Nucleophilic addition. NaCN/H2SO4 and heat

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19
Q

Nitriles (including 2-hydroxynitriles) –> primary amines)

A

Reduction. H2/Ni/ heat

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20
Q

Nitriles (including 2-hydroxynitriles) –> carboxylic acids)

A

Acid hydrolysis. Strong acid ie HCl.

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21
Q

Carboxylic acid –> carboxylate ion

A

Neutralisation. NaOH (aq)

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22
Q

Carboxylic acid + alcohol –> ester

A

Esterification. Concentrated H2SO4 and heat

23
Q

Carboxylic acid –> acyl chloride

A

Preparation of an acyl chloride. rtp in a fume cupboard.

24
Q

Dicarboxylic acid + diol –> polyester

A

Condensation polymerisation.

25
Q

Acid anhydride + alcohol –> ester

A

Esterification. rtp

26
Q

Acyl chloride –> carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis. rtp

27
Q

Acyl chloride + alcohol –> ester

A

Esterfication. rtp

28
Q

Acyl chloride –> primary amide

A

Preparation of amide (neutralisation of HCL). rtp

29
Q

Acyl chloride + primary amine –> secondary amide

A

Preparation of amide (neutralisation of HCL). rtp

30
Q

Acyl chloride + secondary amine –> tertiary amide

A

Preparation of amide (neutralisation of HCL). rtp

31
Q

Ester –> carboxylic acids + alcohol

A

Acid Hydrolysis. HCl (aq) and heat

32
Q

Ester –> carboxlyate ion + alcohol

A

Alkaline Hydrolysis. NaOH (aq) and heat

33
Q

Amide –> carboxylic acid + alkylammonium ion

A

Acid Hydrolysis. HCl (aq) and heat

34
Q

Amide –> carboxylate ion and amine

A

Alkaline Hydrolysis. NaOH (aq) and heat

35
Q

Amine –> Alkyl ammonium ion

A

Neutralisation. HCl (aq) and rtp.

36
Q

Diamine + dicarboxylic acid –> polyamide

A

Condensation reaction.

37
Q

Amino acid + acid –> (NH3+)COOH

A

neutralisation

38
Q

Amino acid + alkali –> (NH2)COO-

A

neutralisation

39
Q

Amino acid –> polyamide (protien)

A

Condensation Polymerisation

40
Q

Alkane –> Haloalkane*

A

Free radical substitution. UV light/rtp. Excess X2

41
Q

Alkene –> Alkane

A

Reduction/Hydrogenation. H2/Ni catalyst/150 degrees

42
Q

Alkene –> Alcohol

A

Addition/Hydration. Steam and concentrated H3PO4 catalyst.

43
Q

Alkene –> Haloalkanes/Dihaloalkanes*

A

Electrophilic addition.(X2/XH). rtp

44
Q

Alkene –> Polyalkene

A

Addition Polymerisation. Ni catalyst/high pressure and temperature

45
Q

Primary Alcohol –> Aldehydes

A

Oxidation. excess alcohol. K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (aq). Heat under distillation to remove aldehyde as it forms.

46
Q

Primary Alcohol –> Carboxylic acid

A

Oxidation. excess K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (aq). Heat under reflux to oxidise aldehyde as it forms.

47
Q

Secondary Alcohol –> Ketone

A

Oxidation. K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (aq). Heat under reflux

48
Q

Alcohols –> Alkene

A

Elimination/Dehydration. Conc H2SO4 or H3PO4. Heat under reflux. (the dehydration of unsymmetrical secondary or tertiary alcohols will give mixtures of alkenes)

49
Q

Alcohols –> Haloalkanes

A

Substitution. NaX/H2SO4 (aq). heat under reflux.

50
Q

electrophilic addition

A

alkenes, HCl/Cl2, HBr/Br2

51
Q

electrophilic substitution

A

benzene, NO2+, R+, RCO+, Cl+/Br+

52
Q

nucleophilic addition

A

carbonyl groups, CN- or H-

53
Q

nucleophilic substitution

A

halogenoalkanes, NH3, H2O, OH-, CN-

54
Q

Oxidation

A

primary alcohols –> aldehydes –> carboxylic acids
secondary alcohols –> ketones
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Chemistry A Level (5 decks)

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