Organic Synthesis

Question 1

haloalkane to alkene

Answer 1

+KOH
+ethanol
+reflux
hydroxide ion acts as a base

Question 2

haloalkane to primary amine

Answer 2

+excess ethanolic ammonia
+heat
ammonia molecule is a nucleophile

Question 3

haloalkane to nitrile

Answer 3

+potassium cyanide
+ethanol
+reflux
cyanide ion is nucleophile

Question 4

haloalkane to alcohol

Answer 4

+aqueous potassium hydroxide
+reflux
hydroxide ion is nucleophile

Question 5

alkene to alkane

Answer 5

\+hydrogen 
\+nickel catalyst 
\+heat 
(addition reaction)
eg unsaturated vegetable oils to margarine

Question 6

alkene to haloalkane

Answer 6

+hydrogen halide

electrophilic addition

Question 7

alkene to dihalogenoalkane

Answer 7

+halogen

electrophilic addition

Question 8

alkene to alcohol

Answer 8

+steam
+H3PO4 catalyst
(hydrogenation)

Question 9

alkene to diol

Answer 9

+acidified potassium manganate

oxidise the double bond

Question 10

alkane to haloalkane

Answer 10

+halogen
+UV Light
(free radical substitution)

Question 11

alcohol to alkene

Answer 11

+concentrated H3PO4 or sulphuric acid
+heat
(dehydration/elimination)

Question 12

alcohol to haloalkane (different halogens)

Answer 12

Chloro-
+PCl5

Bromo-
+50% conc H2SO4
+KBr

Iodo-
+red phosphorus
+iodine
+reflux

Question 13

primary alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 13

\+potassium dichromate 
\+sulphuric acid 
\+heat 
(distillation)
(reflux to make carboxylic acid)

Question 14

secondary alcohol to ketone

Answer 14

+potassium dichromate
+sulphuric acid
+reflux

Question 15

test for alcohol group

Answer 15

+PCl5 will see white fumes

Question 16

test for carboxylic acid group

Answer 16

any carbonate will see effervescense