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Chemistry > Organic Part 1, 2 and 3 > Flashcards

Organic Part 1, 2 and 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

4.1 Hydrocarbons

A

Compound made up of ONLY hydrogen and carbon atoms

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2
Q

4.2 Molecular formula of ethane

A

C2h6

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3
Q

4.2 Empirical formula of ethane

A

CH3

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4
Q

4.2 Displayed formula of ethane

A 
H   H
        /     /
H - C - C - H
        /     /
       H    H
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5
Q

4.2 Structural formula of ethane

A

CH3CH3

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6
Q

4.2 General formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

4.3 Homologous series properties

A
  • same general formula
  • same functional group (e.g. alkanes)
  • trend in boiling point
  • same chemical properties (reactivity)
  • differ by CH2
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8
Q

4.3 functional group

A
  • group of atoms that determines the reactivity of a molecule
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9
Q

4.3 isomerism

A
  • same molecular formula, different structural/displayed formula
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10
Q

4.6 classifying reactions of organic compounds

A

Substitution - straight swap
Addition - two things add up to make one molecule
Combustion - produces carbon dioxide and water

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11
Q

4.19 general formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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12
Q

4.20 why are alkanes classified as saturated hydrocarbons

A

There are only carbon single bonds

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13
Q

4.24 general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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14
Q

4.25 explain why alkenes are classified as unsaturated

A

Because it has a carbon double bond

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15
Q

4.27 reaction of alkenes with bromine water to produce dibromoalkanes

A
  • addition reaction

- example: ethene + bromine = dibromoethane

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16
Q

why are alkenes more useful than alkanes

A
  • they are more reactive due to the carbon double bond

- they are used to make polymers

17
Q

4.28 how can bromine water be used to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene

A
  • alkane = no change to bromine water (orange)

- alkene - bromine water will be decolourised

18
Q

4.7 what is crude oil

A
  • a mixture of hydrocarbons
19
Q

4.8 fractional distillation

A
  • heat crude oil until it evaporates
  • fractionating column is very hot at the bottom and cool at the top
  • crude oil enters fractionating column and vapour rises
  • hydrocarbons with high boiling points will immediately condense into liquid lower down and are tapped off at the bottom of the column
  • hydrocarbons with lower boiling points will rise up the column and condense at the top to be tapped off
20
Q

4.9 names and uses of main fractions

A

COOLEST TO HOTTEST:

  • refinery gases - domestic heating and cooking
  • gasoline (petrol) - fuel for cars
  • kerosene - fuel in aircraft
  • diesel - fuel in larger vehicles
  • fuel oil - fuel for large ships and power stations
  • bitumen - surface roads and roofs
21
Q

4.10 trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity

A

longer chain hydrocarbons:

  • more viscous
  • higher boiling point
  • darker in colour
  • less volatile

shorter chain hydrocarbons:

  • less viscous
  • lower boiling point
  • light in colour
  • more volatile
22
Q

4.11 what is released when fuel is burned

A
  • heat energy
23
Q

4.12 products of complete and incomplete combustion

A

complete combustion:

  • carbon dioxide
  • water

incomplete combustion:

  • water
  • soot
  • carbon monoxide
24
Q

4.13 why is carbon monoxide bad

A
  • binds with red blood cells and prevents them from carrying oxygen around the body
25
Q

4.14 what does the temperature in car engines allow

A
  • allows nitrogen and oxygen to react, forming oxides of nitrogen
26
Q

4.15/4.16 sulphur dioxide

A
  • combusting impurities in hydrocarbon fuels results in formation of sulphur dioxide
  • sulphur dioxide mixes with water vapour in clouds and creates acid rain which poisons plants and animals as well as corroding buildings
27
Q

4.17/4.18 cracking

A
  • more demand for short chain hydrocarbons
  • long chain hydrocarbons are cracked using high temperatures (600-700) and silica (catalyst)
  • produces alkenes

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