Organic Mechanisms AS

Question 1

Oxidation of primary alcohol

Mechanism, reagents, observations etc.

Answer 1

H

Question 2

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

Mechanism, reagents, observations etc.

Answer 2

H

Question 3

Oxidation of tertiary alcohols

Answer 3

Cannot occur

Question 4

Two methods of alcohol production
Give equations for both
Give conditions for both

Answer 4

-Fermentation of sugars(glucose)
C6H12O6 —> 2CH5OH + 2CO2
Conditions:
-Anaerobic
-25 - 35 Degrees Celsius
-Presence of yeast

-Hydration of ethene
C2H4 +H2O —> C2H5OH
Conc. phosphoric acid catalyst, H2O as steam

Question 5

Hydration mechanism

Answer 5

Reagents:
-concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst
-steam(water vapour)
Adds H2O molecule to the reactants

Question 6

Processs of esterification

Answer 6

Alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid

Acid catalyst used

Question 7

Mechanism for radical substitution

Reagents and conditions required

Answer 7

Conditions:

• UV light
• High temperatures

Question 8

What is meant by fractional distillation?

Answer 8

The separation of different hydrocarbons from crude oil by distillation due to different boiling points of each fraction

Question 9

How does a pi bond form/what is a pi bond?

Answer 9

The overlapping of adjacent p orbitals

Atoms cannot rotate freely around the pi bond

Question 10

What is a sigma bond?

Answer 10

A covalent bond formed due to the overlapping of adjacent p-orbitals.
Atoms can rotate freely around sigma bonds

Question 11

Conditions and info about hydrogenation

Answer 11

Conditions:

• Hydrogen gas
• Nickel catalyst

Question 12

Dehydration of alcohols

Answer 12

• Phosphoric acid/sulfuric acid catalyst
• H2O molecule is taken
• C = C double bond will form

Question 13

Different tests for organic products

Answer 13

Carboxylic acid - React with Sodium Carbonate

- Effervescence occurs