Organic Mechanisms Flashcards
Haloalkane to alcohol
Mechanism:
- Nucleophilic Substitution
Reagents:
- Aqueous potassium hydroxide
Condition:
- Heat under reflux
Haloalkane to nitrile
Mechanism:
- Nucleophilic Substitution
Reagent:
- Ethanolic potassium cyanide
Condition:
- Heat under reflux
Haloalkane to amine
Mechanism:
- Nucleophilic Substitution
Reagent:
- Ethanolic ammonia
Condition:
- Heat under pressure
Friedel Crafts Acylation
Mechanism:
- Electrophilic Substitution
Reagent:
- AlCl₃
- Acyl Chloride
Condition:
- Reflux
Change in functional group:
- Benzene –> Phenyl ketone
Nitration of Benzene
Mechanism:
- Electrophilic Substitution
Reagent:
- Concentrated HNO₃
- Concentrated H₂SO₄
Change in functional group:
- Benzene –> Nitrobenzene
Reduction of Nitrobenzene
Mechanism:
- Reduction
Reagent:
- Sn or Fe
- HCl
Condition:
- Heat
Change in functional group:
- Nitrobenzene –> Phenylamine
Acyl Chloride reactions
Mechanism:
- Nucleophilic Addition Elimination
Reagent:
- Water
- Alcohol
- Ammonia
- Primary Amine
Condition:
- Room Temperature
Reagent for the formation of a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride (1)
Water
Reagent for the formation of a ester from an acyl chloride (1)
Alcohol
Reagent for the formation of a primary amide from an acyl chloride (1)
Ammonia
Reagent for the formation of a secondary amide from an acyl chloride (1)
Primary Amine
Halogenoalkane –> alkene
Mechanism:
- Elimination
Reagent:
- KOH (base) in ethanol
Condition:
- Heat
Synthesis of halogenoalkanes
Mechanism:
- Free Radical Substitution
Reagent:
- Halogen
Condition:
- UV Light
Condition for Electrophilic Addition
- Room Temperature
Industrial Hydration
Mechanism:
- Electrophilic Addition
Reagent:
- Concentrated H3PO4
Condition:
- Heat temperature + pressure
Change in functional group:
- Alkene –> Alcohol
Dehydration of alcohols
Mechanism: Elimination
Reagent: concentrated phosphoric acid
Conditions: Heat under reflux
Change in functional group: Alcohol –> Alkene
Reagents for oxidation of alcohols
Potassium Dichromate + dilute H2SO4
Condition for conversion of alcohol to aldehyde
Heat + Distillation
Condition for conversion of alcohol to carboxylic acid
Heat under reflux
Condition for conversion of alcohol to ketone
Heat under reflux
Reduction of carbonyls
Mechanism: Nucleophilic Addition
Regaent: NaBH4 in aqueous ethanol
Conditions: Room temperature and pressure
Change in functional group: Aldehyde/Ketone –> Alcohol
Formation of hydroxynitriles
Mechanism: Nucleophilic Addition
Reagents: NaCN and dilute H2SO4
Conditions: Room temperature and pressure
Change in functional group: Aldehyde/Ketone –> hydroxynitrile
Formation of a quaternary ammonium salt:
Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution
Reagents: Excess Halogenoalkane + Ethanolic Ammonia
Conditions: Heat under pressure
Formation of a polyamide:
Mechanism: Condensation Polymerisation
Reagents: Dicarboxylic acid + diamine OR Diacylchloride + diamine
