Organic Compounds Flashcards
What is organic chemistry
The study of carbon containing compounds
Hydrocarbons
Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen
What must all organic compounds contain
Carbon and hydrogen
How many bonds does carbon need
4
Melting point and boiling pt of organic compounds
LOW
*More carbons = higher boiling point
Small hydrocarbons tend to be gases while larger ones are:
Liquids and waxes
Solubility of Organic compounds
“Likes dissolve likes”
Hydrocarbons are nonpolar.
Water is Polar. LOW
Conductivity of organic compounds
LOW
- covalent, molecular
- non conductors
Homologous Series
A group of organic compounds whose structures differ only by the number of CH2 units in the main carbon chain
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon that contains only single Carbon-Carbon bonds (alkanes)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon that contains one or more double or triple Carbon-Carbon bond (alkenes or alkynes)
Alkanes
- Saturated Hydrocarbons
- Consist entirely of SINGLE bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms
- Have the general formula CnH2n+2
- Names end in “-ANE”
Alkenes
- Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
- Contain at least one carbon-carbon DOUBLE bond
- Have the general formula CnH2n
- Names end in “ENE”
- Use a number to show which bond is the double bond.
- Ex: 1-butene
Alkynes
- Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
- Contain at least one carbon-carbon TRIPLE bond
- Have the general formula CnH2n-2
- Names end in “YNE”
- Use a number to show which bond is the triple bond.
- Ex: 2-butyne
What is a general formula used for:
To find the number of hydrogens based on the amount of carbons
Structural Formulas
Shows the arrangement of atoms and bonds
Molecular Formulas
Tell how many of each atom are present in a molecule
ex: C2H6
Condensed Formulas
Symbols of atoms are listed in order as they appear in the molecule’s structure.
Write each carbon on the main chain followed by what is bonded to it
ex: CH3CH2CHCHCH2CH3
Isomers
2 compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structures
What method separates crude oil?
Fractional Distillation
-Hydrocarbons with less carbon are less dense and rise up the column
Using the General Formula
Plug in # of carbons for n to find # of hydrogens
Use prefixes for:
Assign based on how many carbons are present and end in “ane” “ene” or “yne” (homologous series)
If the diagram has one double bond but the rest are single, is it an alkane or an alkene?
Alkene! Even if it has one double bond you use that!
What does the number before the name compound mean?
ex: 3-pentene
That’s where the double bond would be!
Naming Branched Hydrocarbons
- Find the longest continuous chain of carbons
- Name the branches that are not part of the longest chain
- Number your carbon chain to tell where the branch is located
Branch Name TIPS
Use Table P prefixes with -yl ending
1-C → methyl
2-C → ethyl
3-C → propyl
-Always start from the side closest to your alkyl group.**
Here, the branch is located off of carbon #2. Smallest #
What if multiple branches have the same name?
2,2,4-TRImethyl-pentane
Halides
-Hydrogen atoms are replaced with an atom from Group 17 (F, Cl, Br, or I)
Naming Halides
- Use number locators to indicate which carbon the halogen is on
- Use prefix for that halogen
- Name the alkane
Alcohols
End in OH
Naming Alcohols
- Number the carbon with the -OH
- Name the alkane
- Replace the “-e” and add “-ol”
Organic Acids
- Compound containing a -COOH group
- COOH group always at the end of the compound!
Naming Organic Acids
- Name parent alkane
- Drop “e”
- Add “-oic acid”
Aldehydes
- Contains a CHO at end
- CHO is always at the end, so no number locator is necessary
Naming Aldehydes
Name parent chain
Add “anal”
Ketones
Contain an O double bonded to a carbon in the middle of a hydrocarbon chain
Naming Ketones
Name parent alkane
Add “anone”
-Use number locator to state where the double bond O is
Ether
Contains a -O- in the middle of a hydrocarbon chain
Naming Ethers
Name shortest chain +”-yl”
Name longest chain + “-yl”
Add the word “ether”
ex: methyl ethyl ether
Esters
- Contains a -COOCH- group in the middle
- Fragrant organic molecules
Naming Esters
-Name the carbon chain next to the ester, add “-yl”
-Name the parent chain
Add “-anoate”
Amine
Contain “NH2” anywhere in chain
Naming Amines
- Name parent alkane chain
- Add “amine”
- Use number locators to tell location of amine group!
Amide
- Contains a -CONH2 group
- Always on first or last carbon!
Naming Amides
- Name parent chain
- Add “amide”
Combustion
Reactants: Hydrocarbon + O2 (oxygen)
Products: Carbon dioxide and H2O
Substitution
Reactants: saturated hydrocarbon + halogen (The compound is already saturated, so the element it reacts with replaces one Hydrogen)
Products: Halide and Acid
Addition
Reactants: unsaturated hydrocarbon + halogen (the element is added by breaking the double bond.)
Product: Halide
Esterification
Reactants: Organic Acid + Alcohol
Products: Ester and Water
Saponification
Reactants: Fat + Strong Base
Products: Soap + Alcohol
Fermentation
Reactants: Sugar
Products: Carbon dioxide + Alcohol
Addition Polymerization
Reactants: Unsaturated monomers
Product: Polymer (created by breaking the double bonds to link the monomers together)
Condensation Polymerization
Reactants: Monomers
(Remove a water to allow bonds)
Products: Polymer + H2O
