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Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 > Organic Compounds > Flashcards

Organic Compounds Flashcards

1
Q

organic chemistry

A

study of compounds of carbon

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2
Q

carbon

A

versatile atom, 4 valence electrons, bonds covalently

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3
Q

carbon backbones

A

long chains, branched molecules and rings of carbon

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4
Q

functional groups

A

small clusters of atoms that determine properties of an organic molecules

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5
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH, in sugars and alcohols

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6
Q

methyl

A

-CH3, in fats, oils, steroids, and amino acids

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7
Q

carboxyl

A

-COOH, in amino acids, sugars and proteins

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8
Q

amino

A

-NH2, in amino acids and proteins

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9
Q

phosphate

A

-H2PO4, in nucleic acids and ATP

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10
Q

polymers

A

molecules made of a repetitive series of identical similar subunits called monomers

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11
Q

polymerization

A

joining of monomers to polymer, achieved by dehydration synthesis

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12
Q

hydrolysis

A

opposite of dehydration

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13
Q

carbohydrate

A

hydrophilic organic molecule with general formula of (CH2O)n, n=number of carbon atoms
2:1 ration of hydrogen to oxygen

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14
Q

monosaccharides

A

simplest carbohydrates: glucose, galactose, fructose
-ribose, deoxyribose

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15
Q

disaccharides

A

made of 2 monosaccharides
- sucrose: glucose and fructose
- lactose: glucose and galactose
- maltose: glucose and glucose

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16
Q

oligosaccharides (polysaccharides)

A

short changes of three or more monosaccharides

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17
Q

proteoglycans

A

macromolecules where carbohydrate is dominant and a peptide/protein form a smaller component

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18
Q

moiety

A

components of proteoglycans

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19
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic organic molecule made of hydrogen and oxygen, high ration of hydrogen
- mainly energy storage but also thermal insulation and cushion

20
Q

5 types of lipids

A

fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids

21
Q

fatty acid

A

chain of 4-24 carbon with carboxyl and methyl group

22
Q

triglyceride (neutral fats)

A

glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids, bonds formed by dehydration synthesis

23
Q

phospholipids

A

like neutral fats but with a phosphate group that replaces a fatty acid, are amphipathic, serve as a structural foundation of cell membranes

24
Q

eicosanoids

A

20-carbon compounds derived from arachidonic acid

25
Q

steroid

A

lipid with 17 carbons arranged in 4 rings
- cholesterol is the mother steroid that makes up the others

26
Q

protein

A

polymer of amino acids, a central carbon with an amino and carboxyl group bonded to it

27
Q

peptide

A

any molecule composed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

28
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds, encoded in genes

29
Q

secondary structure

A

alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding

30
Q

tertiary structure

A

single polypeptide chain folded and coiled by interactions among R groups and between R groups and surrounding water

31
Q

quaternary structure

A

association of two or more polypeptide chains with each other

32
Q

protein functions

A

structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection movement, cell adhesion

33
Q

enzyme

A

macromolecule functions as biological catalyst, mostly proteins

34
Q

ribozymes

A

RNA molecules

35
Q

substrate

A

substance an enzyme acts on

36
Q

cofactor

A

nonprotein partner for an enzyme

37
Q

coenzymes

A

organic cofactors derived from niacin, riboflavin and other water soluble vitamins
- accept electrons from an enzyme in one metabolic pathway and transfer them to another enzyme in another

38
Q

metabolic pathway

A

chain of reactions with each step usually catalyzed by a different enzyme

39
Q

nucleotides

A

organic compounds with 3 components
1. single or double carbon - nitrogen ring
2. monosaccharide
3. 1 or more phosphate group

40
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A

boys more important energy transfer molecule

41
Q

adenosine triphosphatases

A

enzymes specialized to hydrolyze the third phosphate bond to produce ADP

42
Q

glycolysis

A

first stage in glucose oxidation

43
Q

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

A

nucleotide formed by the removal of both the second and third phosphate groups from ATP

44
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymers of nucleotides

45
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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