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Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 > Cellular Structure and The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cellular Structure and The Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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2
Q

cell theory

A
  • all living organisms are made of one or more cells
  • cells are basic structural and functional units
  • all activities of organism stem from activities of its constituent cell
  • all cells arise from preexisting cells
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3
Q

squamous

A

thin flat scaly shaped often with bulge where nucleus is

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4
Q

cuboidal

A

squarish looking in frontal section, equal height and width

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5
Q

columnar

A

distinctly taller than wide

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6
Q

polygonal

A

irregular angular shapes with 4,5 or more sides

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7
Q

stellate

A

multiple pointed processes projecting from cell

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8
Q

spheroidal/oval

A

round to oval

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9
Q

discoidal

A

disc shaped

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10
Q

fusiform

A

spindle shaped, elongated with think middle and tapered ends

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11
Q

fibrous

A

long, slender and threadlike

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12
Q

micrometer

A

one millionth of a meter

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13
Q

cytoplasm

A

fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane

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14
Q

plasma membrane

A

made of proteins and lipids, surrounds the cell

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15
Q

cytosol/intracellular fluid

A

cell juice, holds cytoskeleton, organelles and inclusions

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16
Q

extracellular fluid

A

body fluids not contained in cells

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17
Q

tissue fluid

A

ECF located amid the cells

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18
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell, determine its shape, organize its contents, direct the movement of materials within cell and contribute to movements of the cell as a whole

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19
Q

microfilaments

A

made of protein actin
-concentrated in fibrous mat call terminal web, provides physical support
-form supportive cones of the microvilli and play role in cell movement

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20
Q

intermediate filaments

A

more stiff, give cell its shape, resits stress and form junctions that attach cells

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21
Q

microtubules

A

cylinders made of 13 parallel strands (protofilaments)
-hold organelles in place, form bundles to maintain cell shape and rigidity, act as monorail tracks for motor proteins

22
Q

organelles

A

organs of the cell

23
Q

nucleus

A

largest organelle, contains cells chromosomes, genetic control center of the cell

24
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that encloses nucleus

25
Q

nuclear pores

A

holes in nuclear envelope formed by ring of proteins, regulate molecular traffic through envelope

26
Q

nucleoplasm

A

material in the nucleus - chromatin, nucleoli

27
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of interconnected channels enclosed by a unit membrane, synthesizes steroids/lipids, detoxifies alcohol/drugs and manufactures most membranes

28
Q

rough ER

A

parallel flattened sacs covered with ribosomes
- produces phospholipids and proteins

29
Q

smooth ER

A

more tubular, branches more extensively and lack ribosomes
-engage in detox, synthesize stride hormones, store/release calcium and synthesis lipids

30
Q

ribosomes

A

small granules of protein and RNA in nucleoli, cytosol, mitochondria, and surfaces of rough ER and nuclear envelope
-read coded messages, mRNA, and assemble amino acids into proteins
-make enzymes and other proteins

31
Q

Golgi complex

A

small system of cisterns that synthesize carbs and put finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein synthesis

32
Q

lysosome

A

package of enzymes bounded by a membrane
- hydrolyze proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbs, phospholipids and other substrates

33
Q

autophagy

A

when lysosomes digest and dispose of surplus or nonfatal organelles and other cell components in order to recycle their nutrients to more important cells

34
Q

autolysis

A

digestion of surplus cells by their own lysosomal enzymes

35
Q

peroxisomes

A

resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes
- use oxygen to oxidize organic molecules, produces hydrogen peroxide and then used to oxidize other molecules

36
Q

proteasomes

A

hollow cylindrical complexes of proteins located in cytoplasm and nucleus
-helps with protein disposal

37
Q

mitochondria

A

specialized for synthesizing ATP, energy is extracted from compounds and transferred to ATP

38
Q

centrioles

A

short cylindrical assembly of microtubules
-9 groups of 3 each
- play role in cell division

39
Q

centrosome

A

small patch of cytoplasm containing pair of perpendicular centrioles

40
Q

inclusions

A

-accumulated cell products like glycogen granolas, pigments, oil droplets
or
- foreign bodies such as viruses/bacteria

41
Q

G1, first gap

A

between cell division and DNA replication
- synthesizes proteins, grows and carries out preordained tasks for body

42
Q

S, synthesis phase

A

makes duplicate copy of centrioles and nuclear DNA

43
Q

G2, second gap

A

between DNA replication and cell division
-exhibits further growth, makes more organelles, finishes replicating centrioles and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division

44
Q

M, mitotic phase

A

replicates nucleus, pinches in 2 to form n ew daughter cells

45
Q

mitosis

A

mechanism of cell division

46
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers grow from centrioles and centrioles migrate to opposite sides

47
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes lie along midline of cell, spider fibers start to attach

48
Q

anaphase

A

centromeres divide in 2, chromatids get pulled apart

49
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes gather at each pole of cell and decondense, nuclear envelop appears, new nucleoli appear, cleavage furrow appears

50
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm into 2 cells

51
Q

contact inhibition

A

cessation of cell division in response to contact with other cells

52
Q

cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases

A

key elements of molecular timer, rise during interphase and levels falls at end of miomeretosis
- control replication of DNA, and centrioles, condensation of chromosomes, breakdown of envelope, formation of spindle and attachment of chromosomes, splitting of central

Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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