Organic Compounds

Question 1

ORGANIC COMPOUNDs

Answer 1

always have carbon // always covalent // usually hydrogen

Question 2

CARBON PROPERTIEs

ORGANIC COMPOUNDs

Answer 2

• 4 electron in valenc shelle + form covalent bonds
• can form bonds with other carbon&raquo_space; carbon skeleton
• different shapes - straight // branched // rings

Question 3

what are the most common elements that bond w/ carbon?

Answer 3

hydrogen // oxygen // nitrogen - most common

sulfur // phosphorus - also present in organic compounds

Question 4

HYDROCARBON

Answer 4

[H+] + C

form the hydrocarbon skeleton

Question 5

FUNCTIONAL GROUPs

Answer 5

other molecules/atoms that bond to HYDROCARBON SKELETON

Question 6

HYDROXYL

FUNCTIONAL GROUPs

Answer 6

R - O - H

• ALCOHOLs contains [OH] - polar + hydrophillic (electronegative [O])
• dissolves easily in water

R = variable group

Question 7

SULFHYDRYL

FUNCTIONAL GROUPs

Answer 7

R - S - H

• THIOLs contains [SH] - polar + hydrophillic (electronegative [O])
• amino acids contain SH - stabilizes the shape of the protein

e.g. cysteine

R = variable group

Question 8

CARBONYL

FUNCTIONAL GROUPs

Answer 8

=O
R - C - R - keytone

//

=O
R - C - H - aldehyde

• KEYTONEs contains [C=O] within the carbon skeleton - polar + hydrophillic (electronegative [O])
• ALDEHYDEs contains [C=O] at the end of the carbon skeleton

=O double covalent bond above the central C atom

R = variable group

Question 9

CARBOXYL

FUNCTIONAL GROUPs

Answer 9

=O
R - C - OH
//
=O
R - C - O- - negatively charged form

• CARBOXYLIC ACIDs contains [COOH] at the end of the carbon skeleton
• all AMINO ACIDS have a [COOH] at one end
• the* negatively charged form* predominates at the pH of body cells and is hydrophilic

=O double covalent bond above the central C atom

R = variable group

Question 10

ESTER

FUNCTIONAL GROUPs

Answer 10

=O
R - C - O - R
- ESTERs predominate in dietary fats/oils // occur in our body triglycerides
- e.g. aspirin is an ester of salicylic acid molecule

=O double covalent bond above the central C atom

R = variable group

Question 11

PHOSPHATE

FUNCTIONAL GROUPs

Answer 11

=O
R - P - O-
-O-
- PHOSPHATEs contains [PO4-2] very hydrophillic - due to duak negative charges

• e.g. adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

=O double covalent bond above the central P atom

R = variable group

Question 12

AMINO

FUNCTIONAL GROUPs

Answer 12

-H
R - N
-H

//

-H
R - N+ - H - positive charge form
-H

• AMINEs contains [NH2] - can act as a base = pick up a [H+], giving the group a positive charge
• at pH of body fluids most amino groups have a charge of +1
• all amino acids have an [NH2] group at one end

-H single covalent bond to central N atom

R = variable group

Question 13

MACROMOLECULEs

Answer 13

small organic molecules - combine into very large molecules
- usually polymers - formed via covalent bonds of identical//similar monomers
- usually via dehydration synthesis - carbs/fats/proteins/nucleic acids are formed this way

Question 14

MONOMERs // POLYMERs // ISOMERs

Answer 14

MONOMERs - identical/similar smaller molecules

POLYMERs - a large molecule formed by covalent bonds of many monomers

ISOMERs - molecules that have the same molecular formula BUT different structures