Chemical Reactions

Question 1

ION

Answer 1

an atom that gives up // gains an electron

Question 2

IONIZATION

Answer 2

process of giving up // gaining electrons
e.g. [Ca2+] - lost 2 electrons

Question 3

MOLECULE

Answer 3

2 or more atoms that SHARE electrons
e.g. O2

Question 4

COMPOUND

Answer 4

2 or more different elements
e.g. H20, NaCl

Question 5

FREE RADICAL

Answer 5

an atom/molecule/compound w/ unpaired electron in outermost shell

• e.g. superoxide [O2-] - negatively charged
• UNSTABLE - making it highly reactive//destructive to nearby molecules
  becomes STABLE by giving up their unpaired electron or taking from other molecules

Question 6

What type of CHEMICAL BONDs are there?

Answer 6

• IONIC bond
• COVALENT bond
• POLAR COVALENT bond
• NONPOLAR COVALENT bond
• HYDROGEN bond

Question 7

IONIC BONDs

Answer 7

force of attraction that hold ions w/ opposite charges together

ionic compounds exist as solids w/ orderly repeating arrangement of ions
e.g. salt [NaCl]

Question 8

ELECTROLYTEs

Answer 8

ionic compound that breaks apart into positive + negative ions in a solution

Question 9

CATIONs

Answer 9

• hydrogen [H+]
• sodium [Na+]
• potassium [K+]
• ammonium [NH4+]
• magnesium [Mg2+]
• calcium [Ca+]
• iron II [Fe2+]
• iron III [Fe3+]

Question 10

ANIONs

Answer 10

• fluoride [F-]
• chloride [Cl-]
• iodide [I-]
• hydroxide [OH-]
• bicarbonate [HCO3-]
• oxide[O2-]
• sulfate [SO4-2]
• phosphate [PO4-3]

Question 11

COVALENT BONDs

Answer 11

2 or more atoms share w/o gaining//losing electrons
- can share 1, 2, 3 pairs of valence electrons - higher # of pairs = stronger the bond

Question 12

NON-POLAR COVALENT BONDs

Answer 12

when 2 atoms share electrons equally
- bond between 2 identical atoms are is always non-polar

Question 13

POLAR COVALENT BONDs

Answer 13

unequal sharing of electrons

Question 14

H2O

Answer 14

[O] nucleus has stronger attraction than [H] atoms
resulting in i partial negative charge near the [O]

the [O] has electronegativity

Question 15

HYDROGEN BONDs

Answer 15

• form when partially positive [H+] atoms attract nearby partially negative atomes (usually [O], [N])
• weaker bond, compared to covalent bonds

Question 16

CHEMICAL REACTIONs

Answer 16

when new bonds form // old bonds break between atoms

Question 17

METABOLISM

Answer 17

all chemical reactions that occur in the human body

Question 18

ENERGY

Answer 18

capacity to do work

Question 19

POTENTIAL ENERGY

Answer 19

stored energy due to position

Question 20

KINETIC ENERGY

Answer 20

associated w/ matter in motion

Question 21

CHEMICAL ENERGY

Answer 21

form of potential energy stored in the BONDs of compounds + molecules

Question 22

EXERGONIC REACTIONs

Answer 22

release more energy than absorbed

Question 23

ENDERGONIC REACTIONs

Answer 23

absorbs more energy than released

Question 24

ACTIVATION ENERGY

Answer 24

required energy to break chemical bonds of reactants

*factors* that affect activation energy
- *concentration* - inc. matter = inc. chance of chemical reaction
- *temperature* - inc. temp = inc. movement of particles = inc. chance of collision
- *catalysts* - chemical compounds that *decrease* activation energy

Question 25

SYNTHESIS // ANABOLIC

chemical reaction

Answer 25

2 or more atoms combine to form new larger molecules

mostly endergonic

Question 26

DECOMPOSITION // CATABOLIC

chemical reaction

Answer 26

split up larger molecules into smaller ones

mostly exergonic

Question 27

EXCHANGE REACTIONs

Answer 27

consists of both synthesis + decomposition to exchange atoms

Question 28

REVERSIBLE REACTIONs