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Chemistry HL > Organic Chemistry SL > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry SL Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

Empirical Formula

A

Simplest whole number ratio of the elements present in a compound

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3
Q

Molecular Formula

A

Total Number of atoms in each element, present in a molecule of the compound. A molecular Formula is an integer multiple of the empirical formula

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4
Q

Homologous Series

A

Series of compounds that have the same functional group, and each member differs from the next by a common structural unit.

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5
Q

Functional Group

A

Atom or Group of Atoms in a molecule that gives it its characteristics chemical properties, this is the reactive part of a molecule

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6
Q

Aromatic Compounds

A

Have a benzene ring

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7
Q

Alkane functional group name

A

Alkyl

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8
Q

Alkene functional group name

A

Alkenyl C = C

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9
Q

Alcohol functional group name

A

Hydroxyl - oh

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10
Q

Ether Functional Group name

A

Ether c- o - c

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11
Q

Aldehyde Functional Group name

A

Carbonyl - Refer to book

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12
Q

Ketone Functional Group name

A

Carbonyl

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13
Q

Carboxylic Acid Functional Group name

A

Carbonxyl

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14
Q

Halgenoalkane Functional Group name

A

Halo (Chloro , bromo etc)

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15
Q

Amine Functional Group name

A

Amine - NH2, NHR, NR2

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16
Q

Ester functional Group name

A

Ester , refer to book

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17
Q

Nitrile functional group name

A

Nitrile, refer to book

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18
Q

Amide functional group name

A

Carboxamide

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19
Q

Why does Amines have different functional Groups

A

Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary.

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20
Q

Compounds without benzene ring are

A

Aliphatic

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21
Q

What’s the functional group in aromatic compounds

A

Benzene ring

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22
Q

Boiling Point of Homologous Series

A

As number of carbons in a homologous series increases, the boiling point increases. This is due to the the London forces between molecules increasing as the relative molecular mass increases.

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23
Q

Why is the boiling point of alcohols larger that alkanes

A

Due to hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules

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24
Q

Solubility of Alcohol trend

A

As the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases, solubility decreases. (Alcohol soluble only in water)
This is due to the long hydrocarbon chain preventing water molecules on either side from hydrogen bonding to one another.

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25
Q

Saturated Compounds

A

Compounds that do not contain multiple bonds aka double carbon or more bonds.

26
Q

Unsaturated Compounds

A

Example Benzene, compounds containing carbon carbon double bonds or carbon carbon triple bonds.

27
Q

Rule in naming Ethers

A

Short chain is the alkoxy
Longer chain is the alkane
Alkoxy alkane

28
Q

Rule in naming esters

A

Named after their carboxylic acid they are derived from

29
Q

Ester formed by

A

Reaction between carboxylic acid and an alcohol

30
Q

Primary Amines functional group

A

NH2

31
Q

Secondary Amine functional Group

A

NHR

32
Q

Teritiary Amine functional Group

A

NR2

33
Q

Simplest forms of isomerism are

A

Structural isomerism

34
Q

Structural Isomers

A

Two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

35
Q

Isomers with different functional groups are

A

Functional group isomers

36
Q

Original Benzene structure

A

Kekule Benzene, alternating single an double bonds between carbon atoms

37
Q

New benzene structure

A

Contains a ring of 6 delocalised electrons, That is formed due to the p orbitals having a side on overlap to form a pie delocalised system.

38
Q

Evidence for benzene structure

A

Carbon Carbon Bond lengths
Thermochemical Evidence
Number of isomers
Reactions

39
Q

Benzene structure evidence via carbon carbon bond length

A

All C - C bond length in benzene is the same, and are intermediate in length between a c - c an c = c bond.

40
Q

Bond Lengths determined by

A

X ray crystallography

41
Q

Thermochemical Evidence of benzene

A

????

42
Q

Evidence from the number of isomers in benzene structure

A

Looking at the number of isomers in a halogenobenzene shows only 3 isomers, however following kekules rule their should be 4 isomers.

43
Q

Reaction of benzene

A

Benzene does not exact like Alkenes and does not undergo addition reactions under normal conditions and does not decolonize bromine water. But it undergoes substation reaction.

44
Q

Alkane Reactions

A

Combustion, substitution,

45
Q

Why are alkanes generally unreactive

A

High strengths of C- C and C - H bonds make them unfavourable to break,
C - C and C - H are non polar and thus are unlikely to attract polar ions or molecules.

46
Q

Alkanes react with Halgones

A

In the presence of sunlight or UV, alkanes react with Halogens
(Write Equation down)
This process is called substitution.

47
Q

Steps of Free Radical Substitution

A

Initiation
Propagation
Termination

48
Q

What’s Free Radicals

A

Species with an unpaired electron, and are thus very reactive due to the presence of an unpaired electron

49
Q

Homolytic Fission

A

Occurs during initiation,

Homolytic fission is breaking a covalent bond in such a way that each atom takes an electron from the bond to form two radicals.

50
Q

Propagation is an example of a

A

Chain Reaction

51
Q

Write down the equation of ethane and bromine

A

Page 450 TB

52
Q

Why are Alkenes more reactive

A

It contains a double bond that represents a region of high electron density and is thus able to attract electrophiles.
The second component of a pie bond of c=c is weaker than a normal c- c sigma bond and is thus easily broken

53
Q

Electrophile

A

Reagent that is attracted to regions of high electron density and accepts a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.

54
Q

Alkenes/ Alkynes reactions

A

Addition, and addition polymerisation

55
Q

Alkenes and halogen

A

RTP

56
Q

Alkenes and Hydrogen

A

Heated in the presence of a catalyst, ex nickel to form alkane.
Process called hydrogenation

57
Q

Alkenes and hydrogen Halides

A

Alkenes react with halides ex HI, HCL by bubbling alkene through concentrated solution of the hydrogen halide at 100 degrees celcius.
Forms halogenoalkane

58
Q

Why is HI and Alkene a rapid reaction whereas HCl and Alkenes a slow reaction

A

Since HI has weaker bonds, it needs less energy and thus the reaction is faster compared to HCl that was stronger bonds. H and Cl is more electronegative than H and I

59
Q

Alkenes and Water

A

Passing alkene through concentrated sulfuric acid at rtp and then warming the product with water
Forms alcohol

Needs heat and sulfuic acid

60
Q

Distinguishing between alkanes and Alkenes

A

Alkenes, bromine water - orange to colorless
Alkane - Bromine water - no colour change

61
Q

What’s catalytic hydration

A

Alkene and water with sulfuric acid

62
Q

How is polyethene formed

A

High temp, high prefer in presence of small amount of oxygen/ hydrogen peroxide

Chemistry HL (5 decks)

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