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organic chemistry reactions Flashcards

1
Q

give chemical equation of dehydration of an ethanol by concentrated sulfuric acid. mention which type of organic reaction it is.

A

C2H5OH –conc. H2SO4–> C2H4 + H2O

elimination reaction

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2
Q

CH4 + Cl2 –…–> CH3Cl + HCl

What type of organic reaction is it? What condition should be filled in?

A

substitution

UV light

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3
Q

chemical equation of hydrolysis of C2H5Br by alkali, NaOH

A

C2H5Br + NaOH -> C2H5OH + NaBr

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4
Q

C2H5OH + [O] -> CH3CHO + H2O
word formula of CH3CHO
is the oxidation reaction partial or complete?
where does the [O] come from?

A

ethanal
partial
acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution

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5
Q

chemical equation of the complete oxidation of ethanol

what condition enables this complete oxidation

A

C2H5OH + 2[O] -> CH3COOH + H2O

reflux with excess acidified potassium dichromate(VI)

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6
Q

chemical equation of the reduction of acetone(propanone)

usually warmed with …

A

CH3COCH3 + 2[H] -> CH3CH(OH)CH3

aqueous alkaline solution of sodium tetrahydridoborate, NaBH4

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7
Q

in CH4 + Cl2 –UV light–> CH3Cl + HCl as a reference,

initiation step of substitution reactions of alkanes eq

A

Cl2 –UV light–> 2Cl•

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8
Q

in CH4 + Cl2 –UV light–> CH3Cl + HCl as a reference,
propagation steps of substitution reactions of alkanes eq(s), including the formation of dichloromethane and trichloromethane.

A

Cl• + CH4 -> •CH3 + HCl
•CH3 + Cl2 -> CH3Cl + Cl•

CH3Cl + Cl• -> •CH2Cl + HCl
•CH2Cl + Cl2 -> CH2Cl2 (dichloromethane) + Cl•

CH2Cl2 + Cl• -> •CHCl2 + HCl
•CHCl2 + Cl2 -> CHCl3 (trichloromethane) + Cl•

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9
Q

in CH4 + Cl2 –UV light–> CH3Cl + HCl as a reference,

termination step of substitution reactions of alkanes eq

A

•CH3 + Cl• -> CH3Cl

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10
Q

addition of H2(g) to CH2=CH2 and any condition/s

A

CH2=CH2 + H2 –Ni catalyst–> CH3CH3

140°C

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11
Q

addition of steam to CH2=CH2 and any condition/s

A

C2H4 + H2O –conc.H3PO4 catalyst–> C2H5OH
330°C
6MPa

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12
Q

addition of HBr to CH2=CH2 and any condition/s

A

CH2=CH2 + HBr -> CH3CH2Br

room temperature

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13
Q

condition/s for addition of halogens to alkenes

A

room temperature

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14
Q

oxidation of alkenes by hot concentrated manganate(VII) solution memorise

A

primary alkenes have CO2 as product
secondary have product aldehyde RCH=O, then a carboxylic acid RCOOH
tertiary have product ketone RRC=O

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15
Q

chem eq for oxidation of 2-methylprop-1-ene by hot concentrated mangante(VII) solution. word formula of the special product

A

(CH3)2C=CH2 + 4[O] -> (CH3)2C=O + CO2 + H2O

propanone

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16
Q

CH3CH2Br + NaOH

A

-> CH3CH2OH + NaBr

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17
Q

nucleophilic substitution reactions in halogenoalkanes bisa pkai apa aja

A

aqueous alkali, OH-(aq);
cyanide ions, CN-(in ethanol);
ammonia, NH3(in ethanol)

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18
Q

CH3CH2Br + CN- condition?

A

-> CH3CH2CN + Br- heated under reflux

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19
Q

CH3CH2Br + NH3 and special product name and condition?

A

-> CH3CH2NH2 + HBr
ethylamine
halogenoalkane heated with an excess of NH3 dissolved in ethanol under pressure

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20
Q

CH3CHBrCH3 + NaOH(ethanol) and what kind of reaction is it

A

-> CH2=CHCH3 + H2O + NaBr

elimination

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21
Q

hydrolysis CH3CH2Br + H2O reflux

A

-> CH3CH2OH + HBr

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22
Q

alcohol + hydrogen halide

A

-> halogenoalkane + water

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23
Q

CH3CH2OH + HCl and condition, how the dry HCl gas can be obtained, how the halogenoalkane can be collected?

A

-> CH3CH2Cl + H2O
alcohol heated under reflux.
HCl gas made in situ (in the reaction vessel) using NaCl and concentrated h2so4
NaCl + H2SO4 -> NaHSO4 + HCl.
CH3CH2Cl distilled off from the reaction mixture and collected as oily droplets under water.

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24
Q

alcohol + SOCl2

A

-> halogenoalkane + HCl + SO2

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25
C2H5OH + SOCl2 and condition
-> C2H5Cl + HCl + SO2 heated under reflux note: HCl and SO2 in gaseous state so no need to distil the halogenoalkane as it is left
26
C2H5OH + PCl5, state of PCl5
--room temperature--> C2H5Cl + HCl + POCl3 | solid
27
use of C2H5OH + PCl5 --room temperature--> C2H5Cl + HCl + POCl3
release of acidic HCl gas from this reaction can be used as a test for the -OH group. the HCl gas cause acidic 'steamy fumes' to be observed.
28
C2H5OH + PI3
-> C2H5I + H3PO3
29
alcohols' substitution to form halogenoalkane can use whatwhat
hydrogen halide, SOCl2, phosphorus halides
30
alcohol + phosphorus(V) halide
-> halogenoalkane + HCl + POCl3
31
alcohol + phosphorus(III) halide
-> halogenoalkane + H3PO3
32
condition for alcohol + PCl3 substitution reaction
heating required
33
condition for alcohol + PBr3/PI3 substitution reaction
PBr3 PI3 made in situ using red phosphorus and Br2 or I2. these are warmed with the alcohol
34
C2H5OH + Na
-> C2H5ONa + H2
35
C2H5ONa word formula, acidic or basic
sodium ethoxide, basic
36
C2H5OH + Na-> C2H5ONa + H2 | with ethanol, if the excess ethanol is evaporated off the reaction, what do u see
a white crystalline solid is left. this is the sodium ethoxide
37
for reaction of alcohol with Na metal, what is the trend of vigor relative to hydrocarbon chain?
the longer the hydrocarbon chain, the less vigorous the reaction
38
use of bromine water
to test the presence of the C=C bond in compounds. the compound to be tested is shaken with it. if it is unsaturated the bromine water will be decolorised.
39
carboxylic acid + alcohol and condition
ester + water | heated under reflux with a strong acid catalyst, usually concentrated h2so4.
40
CH3CH2COOH + C2H5OH | propanoic acid + ethanol
CH3CH2COOC2H5 + H2O | ethyl propanoate + water
41
esters can be hydrolysed by
heating under reflux with either an acid or a base
42
refluxing esters with an acid chem eq using CH3COOCH2CH3 what kind of reaction
CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH | hydrolysis
43
refluxing esters with alkali NaOH chem eq using CH3COOCH2CH3 what kind of reaction
CH3COOCH2CH3 + NaOH -> CH3COONa + CH3CH2OH | hydrolysis
44
sodium salt of a carboxylic acid, | CH3COONa word formula
sodium ethanoate
45
dehydration of alcohol method
alcohol vapour is passed over a hot catalyst of Al2O3 powder -- pieces of porous pot or pumice also catalyse the reaction.
46
dehydration of ethanol chem eq
C2H5OH --Al2O3 catalyst--> CH2=CH2 + H2O
47
what kind of reaction is dehydration reaction
elimination
48
oxidation of alcohol method
warmed with K2Cr2O7 solution acidified with dilute h2so4.
49
propan-2-ol + [O] special product name
-> CH3COCH3 + H2O | propanone
50
CH3CH2OH + [O], special product name
-> CH3COH + H2O | ethanal
51
C2H4O + [O]
-> CH3COOH
52
tertiary alcohol + [O] and observation
no reaction. solution remains orange due to Cr2O7 2- (aq)
53
secondary alcohol + [O] and observation
-> ketone + H2O | orange solution turns green due to Cr2O7 2-(aq) as an oxidising agent and are themselves reduced into Cr3+(aq)
54
primary alcohol + [O] and observation(explain)
-> aldehyde + H2O orange solution turns green due to Cr2O7 2-(aq) as an oxidising agent and are themselves reduced into Cr3+(aq) aldehyde formed can be further oxidised to form carboxylic acid when refluxed with excess acidified k2cr2o7
55
aldehyde + [O]
-> carboxylic acid
56
nitrile + HCl + H2O, what kind of reaction, condition
-> carboxylic acid + NH4Cl hydrolysis reflux nitrile with dilute HCl
57
hexanenitrile chem formula
C5H11CN
58
hydrolysis when appropriate nitrile refluxed with dilute HCl to form propanoic acid, chem eq
CH3CH2CN + HCl + H2O -> CH3CH2COOH + NH4Cl
59
ethanoic acid in water chem eq
CH3COOH(aq) revsersible arrow CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)
60
CH3COOH + NaOH
-> CH3COONa + H2O
61
methanoic acid in water chem eq
HCOOH(aq) HCOO-(aq) + H+(aq)
62
HCOOH(aq) + H2O(l)
(reversible arrow) HCOO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
63
CH3COOH + Mg balanced eq
2CH3COOH + Mg -> (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
64
C2H5COOH + K2CO3
-> C2H5COOK + H2O + CO2
65
reduction of carboxylic acids reducing agent
lithium tetrahydridoaluminate LiAlH4 in dry ether at room temperature
66
reduction of ethanoic acid balanced chem eq
CH3COOH + 4[H] -> CH3CH2OH + H2O
67
butanal structural formula
CH3CH2CH2CHO
68
HCHO name
methanal
69
butanone structural formula
CH3COCH2CH3
70
CH3COCH2CH2CH3 name
pentan-2-one
71
preparation of aldehyde
oxidation of primary alcohol by KCr2O7 solution acidified with dilute H2so4, heated gently. aldehyde made distilled off as soon as it forms in the reaction vessel.
72
preparation of propanal word eq
propan-1-ol + [O] -> propanal + H2O | note: propan-1-ol because it's primary alcohol to make aldehyde
73
preparation of ketone
oxidation of a secondary alcohol by KCr2O7 solution acidified with dilute H2so4, heated gently. ketone made distilled off from reaction vessel
74
preparation of propanone chem eq
CH3CH(OH)CH3 + [O] -> CH3COCH3 + H2O
75
aldehyde + reducing agent
-> primary alcohol
76
ketone + reducing agent
-> secondary alcohol
77
reduction of aldehydes and ketones method
the reduction reaction is carried out by either: - warming the aldehyde or ketone with an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium tetrahydridoborate NaBH4 - adding lithium tetrahydridoaluminate LiAlH4 dissolved in a dry ether, such as diethyl ether, at room temperature. Note: LiAlH4 more powerful reducing agent than NaBH4.
78
balanced eq of reduction of ethanal and propanone
Respectively, CH3CHO + 2[H] -> CH3CH2OH CH3COCH3 + 2[H] -> CH3CH(OH)CH3
79
CH3CH2CHO + HCN special product name what kind of reaction condition
-> CH3CH2CH(OH)CN 2-hydroxybutanenitrile (nucleophilic) addition HCN generated in situ by the reaction of NaCN and dilute H2SO4
80
nitrile group
-C≡N
81
hydrolysis of a nitrile group ionic eq andcondition
-CN + H+ + H2O -> -COOH + NH4+ | refluxing with dilute HCl
82
reduction of nitrile group ionic eq and condition
-CN + 4[H] -> -CH2NH2 | carried out using sodium and ethanol
83
carbonyl group
C=O
84
testing for a carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones can use test with? positive result? how to identify which aldehyde or ketone it is with the carbonyl group? what kind of reaction?
2,4-DNPH deep-orange precipitate the precipitate formed can be purified by recrystallization and its melting point measured experimentally, identity of compound that precipitated out be found by referring to melting point data. condensation.
85
use structure of 2,4-DNPH on pg 238 to write out eq for the reaction of ethanal with 2,4-DNPH
compare ur ans to pg 239
86
can carboxylic acids and esters be tested with 2,4-DNPH to test for carbonyl group? explain.
cannot. because they do not form precipitates.
87
ketones when tested with Tollens' reagent
no reaction. It remains a colorless mixture.
88
aldehydes when tested with Tollens' reagent
positive result: silver mirror inside test tube.
89
ketones when tested with Fehling's solution
no reaction. solution remains blue.
90
aldehydes when tested with Fehling's solution
positive result: blue solution turns to a red/orange ppt.
91
silver mirror when testing with tollens' reagent caused by
Ag atoms
92
red/orange ppt when testing with fehling's solution caused by
Cu+ ions
93
CH3CO-- group found in
methyl ketones and ethanal
94
another name for tri-iodomethane
iodoform
95
alkaline iodine solution can be used to test for? positive test?
for methyl ketones CH3CO-- group and ethanol or secondary alcohols with an adjacent methyl group CH3CH(OH)-- group. a yellow ppt of tri-iodomethane.
96
alkaline iodine solution test method
the reagent used is an alkaline solution of iodine, which is warmed together with the substance being tested.
97
two steps of the reaction to form tri-iodomethane
Step 1, halogenation: the carbonyl compound is halogenated -- the three H atoms in the CH3 group replaced by I atoms RCOCH3 --I2, NaOH(aq)--> RCOCI3 Step 2, hydrolysis: the intermediate is hydrolysed to form the yellow ppt of tri-iodomethane, CHI3 RCOCI3 --NaOH(aq)--> RCOONa + CHI3
98
the extra step in the reaction to form tri-iodomethane when testing for CH3CH(OH)-- group
CH3CH(OH)-- group is firstly oxidised by the alkaline iodine solution, forming methyl ketone RCOCH3
99
State the reagent(s) and conditions needed for CH3(CH2)3Br to react to form CH3(CH2)3NH2
reagent(s): ammonia | condition(s): heat with under pressure or in a sealed tube
100
State a reagent used to distinguish (CH3)3COH from CH3(CH2)2CH2OH. Desribe any observations.
``` reagent: H+/Cr2O7 2- observations with CH3(CH2)2CH2OH: solution changes color from orange to green observations with (CH3)3COH : solution remains orange ```
101
can sodium react with -co2h? with -oh? Yesyes NaHCO3 and other Na compounds only react with COOH but not with Oh. oh can only w Na metal.
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chemistry 11b (10 decks)

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