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chemistry 11b > organic chemistry keywords > Flashcards

organic chemistry keywords Flashcards

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1
Q

compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen only

A

hydrocarbons

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2
Q

the formula that tells us the simplest ratio of the different atoms present in a molecule

A

empirical formula

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3
Q

the formula that tells us the actual numbers of each type of atom in a molecule

A

molecular formula

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4
Q

the formula that tells us about the atoms bonded to each carbon atom in an organic molecule, e.g. CH3CH=CH2

A

structural formula

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5
Q

a drawing of a molecule that shows all the atoms and bonds within the molecule

A

displayed formula

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6
Q

a simplified version of the displayed formula, having all the symbols for C and H atoms removed as well as the C to H bonds, but still showing the C to C bonds left in place

A

skeletal formula

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7
Q

an atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule that determine the characteristic reactions of a homologous series

A

functional group

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8
Q

a formula that represents a homologous series of compounds using letters and numbers. e.g. the (it) for the alkanes is CnH2n+2. By substituting a number for n in the general formula you get the molecular formula of a particular compound in that homologous series

A

general formula

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9
Q

a shared pair of electrons bonding two atoms together

A

single covalent bond

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10
Q

single covalent bonds, formed by the ‘end-on’ overlap of atomic orbitals

A

sigma (σ) bonds

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11
Q

multiple covalent bonds involving sideways overlap of p atomic orbitals

A

pi (π) bonds

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12
Q

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

A

structural isomers

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13
Q

when the position of the functional group varies in each isomer

A

position isomerism

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14
Q

when there are different functional groups present in each isomer

A

functional group isomerism

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15
Q

when the structure of carbon ‘skeleton’ differs in each isomer

A

chain isomerism

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16
Q

compounds with the same structural formula with atoms arranged differently in space

A

stereoisomers

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17
Q

geometric isomerism in unsaturated compounds or cyclic compounds depending usually on the presence in the molecule of a pair of substituted groups (as unsymmetrically substituted methylene groups) so that the stereoisomers have comparable substituents on either the same or opposite sides of the molecule. different phy and chem properties

A

cis-trans isomerism

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18
Q

Stereoisomers who are non-superimposable mirror images. The isomers display identical characteristics in terms of molecular weight as well as chemical and physical properties. However, they differ in their effect on the rotation of polarized light.

A

optical isomerism

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19
Q

a carbon atom with four different groups attached, creating the possibility of optical isomers. but actually optical isomers chiral centrenya bs atom apa aja, gk mesti C.

A

chiral centre

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20
Q

a type of bond breaking where both the atoms of each end of the bond leave with one electron from the pair that formed the covalent bond, producing free radicals

A

homolytic fission

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21
Q

species produced when a bond breaks homolytically. very reactive atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron

A

free radical

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22
Q

the first step in the mechanism of free-radical substitution of alkanes by halogens. It involves the breaking of the halogen-halogen bond by UV light from the Sun

A

initiation step

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23
Q

reaction involving the formation of free radicals, requiring an input of energy to break a covalent bond, resulting in two free radicals

A

initiation step

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24
Q

a step in a free-radical mechanism in which the radicals formed can then attack reactant molecules generating more free-radicals, and so on, chain reaction.

A

propagation step

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25
Q

the final step in a free-radical mechanism in which two free radicals react together to form a molecule, with no free radicals generated

A

termination step

26
Q

an alkyl group carrying a single positive charge on one of its carbon atoms, e.g. +CH2CH3

A

carbocation

27
Q

alkyl groups tend to ‘push’ the electrons away from themselves. we say that the electron-donating nature of alkyl groups has a … on adjacent groups

A

positive inductive effect

28
Q

an acceptor of a pair of electrons

A

electrophile

29
Q

a donator of a pair of electrons

A

nucleophile

30
Q

an organic reaction in which two reactant molecules combine to form a single product molecule

A

addition reaction

31
Q

a reaction in which a small molecule is removed from an organic molecule

A

elimination

32
Q

a reaction that involves the replacement of one atom, or group of atoms, by another

A

substitution

33
Q

the breakdown of a compound by water, which is often speeded up by reacting with acid or alkali

A

hydrolysis

34
Q

the addition of O2, removal of e- or increase in oxidation number of a substance; in organic chemistry refers to a reaction in which O atoms are added to a molecule and/or H atoms are removed from a molecule

A

oxidation

35
Q

the removal of O2, addition of e- or decrease in oxidation number of a substance; in organic chemistry it is the removal of O atoms from a molecule and/or addition of H atoms to a molecule

A

reduction

36
Q

saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2

A

alkanes

37
Q

compounds of hydrogen and carbon only in which the C-C bonds are all single covalent bonds, resulting in the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in their molecules

A

saturated hydrocarbons

38
Q

the reaction in which halogen atoms substitute for hydrogen atoms in alkanes. the mechanism involves steps in which reactive free radicals are produced (initiation), regenerated (propagation) and consumed (termination)

A

free-radical substitution

39
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbons with a carbon-carbon double bond. their general formula is CnH2n

A

alkenes

40
Q

compounds of hydrogen and carbon only whose molecules contain carbon-to-carbon double bonds (or triple bonds)

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons

41
Q

the process in which large, less useful hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, more useful molecules

A

cracking

42
Q

a long-chain molecule made up of many repeating units

A

polymer

43
Q

a small, reactive molecule that reacts to make long-chain molecules called polymers

A

monomer

44
Q

the reaction in which monomers containing carbon-to-carbon double bonds react together to form long-chain molecules called polymers

A

addition polymerisation

45
Q

the mechanism of the reaction in which a nucleophile attacks the carbon atom in a carbonyl group and adds across the C=O bond, e.g. aldehydes or ketones reacting with HCN

A

nucleophilic addition

46
Q

the steps in a nucleophilic substitution in which the rate of the reaction (which is determined by the slow step in the mechanism) involves only the organic reactant, e.g. in the hydrolysis of a tertiary halogenoalkane

A

SN1 mechanism

47
Q

the steps in a nucleophilic substitution in which the rate of the reaction (which is determined by the slow step in the mechanism) involves two reacting species, e.g. in the hydrolysis of a primary halogenoalkane

A

SN2 mechanism

48
Q

an alcohol in which the C atom bonded to the –OH group is attached to one other C atom (or alkyl group)

A

primary alcohol

49
Q

an alcohol in which the C atom bonded to the –OH group is attached to two other C atoms (or alkyl groups)

A

secondary alcohol

50
Q

an alcohol in which the C atom bonded to the –OH group is attached to three other C atoms (or alkyl groups)

A

tertiary alcohol

51
Q

renewable fuels, sourced from plant or animal materials, such as ethanol from sugar (extracted from sugar canes) fermented with yeast.

A

biofuels

52
Q

the reaction between an alcool and a carboxylic acid (or acyl chloride) to produce an ester and water

A

esterification

53
Q

a reaction in which a water molecule is removed from a molecule, e.g. in the … of an alcohol to give an alkene

A

dehydration

54
Q

an organic compound containing both an -OH and a -CN group, e.g. 2-hydroxypropanenitrile, CH3CH(OH)CN

A

hydroxynitrile

55
Q

a reaction in which two organic molecules join together and in the process eliminate a small molecule, such as water or hydrogen chloride

A

condensation reaction

56
Q

an aqueous solution of AgNO3 in excess NH3 solution, sometimes called ammoniacal silver nitrate solution. it is used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. it gives a positive ‘silver mirror’ test when warmed with aldehydes, but no change is observed with ketones

A

Tollens’ reagent

57
Q

an alkaline solution containing copper(II) ions used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. A positive test is one in which the clear blue solution gives a red/orange ppt when warmed with aldehydes, but no change is observed with ketones

A

Fehling’s solution

58
Q

a technique for identifying compounds based on the change in vibrations of particular atoms when infra-red radiation of specific frequencies is absorbed

A

infra-red spectroscopy

59
Q

aldehydes and ketones addition with HCN, substitution in halogenoalkanes

A

nucleophilic

60
Q

addition to alkenes

A

electrophilic

chemistry 11b (10 decks)

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