Organic Chemistry I Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

compound of hydrogen and carbon only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is meant by homologous series?

A

organic compounds with same functional group + general formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is meant by functional group?

A

group of atoms in a molecule responsible for the characteristic reactions of that compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is addition?

A

joining of two or more molecules to make a larger molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is substitution?

A

one species getting replaced by another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

splitting a molecule into 2 new molecules by adding H+ and OH- derived from water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is oxidation?

A

any reaction where a species loses electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is reduction?

A

any reaction where a species gains electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH₂n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH₂n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

are alkanes and cycloalkanes saturated or unsaturated?

A

saturated because they have single carbon bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

A

CnH₂n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

are alkenes and cycloalkenes saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated because the double bond which allows them to make bonds with extra atoms in addition reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what test is used to identify the presence of a C=C bond?

A

-shake alkene with brown bromine water
and it should quickly decolourise
-this is because bromine is added across the double bond to form colourless dibromoalkane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

halogen + alkene?

A

dihalogenoalkane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an electrophile?

A

electron-pair acceptors (electron poor so attracted to electron rich areas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a nucleophile

A

electron-pair donors (electron rich so attracted to electron poor areas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a radical?

A

-species with an unpaired electron (in mechanisms represented with a single dot)
-result of homolytic fission of a covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is an isomer?

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but are arranged differently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the types of structural isomerism?

A

chain, positional, functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a chain isomer?

A

carbon skeleton can be arranged differently e.g. straight or branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what properties are similar or different in chain isomers?

A

physical properties are different (e.g. boiling point) ,, branched chains do not pack closely together so intermolecular forces are weaker– lower bp

chemical properties are similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a positional isomer?

A

functional group is attached to a different carbon atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what properties are similar or different in positional isomers?

A

both chemical and physical properties are different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a functional group isomer?

A

when the same atoms are arranged into different functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what properties are similar or different in functional group isomers?

A

both have very different physical and chemical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

can atoms rotate around c-c bonds?

A

yes,, don’t be fooled something that looks like an isomer may not actually be one if the function group is attached to the same carbon in a different position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is stereoisomerism?

A

have the same structural formula but a different arrangement in space,, only in double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

can double bonds rotate c=c?

A

no, because of the overlap of the p orbitals in an alkene to form a pi bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is cis isomerism?

A

Z,, on the same side (double bond only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is trans isomerism?

A

E,, opposite side (double bond only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

why do alkenes have stereoisomerism?

A

because of the lack of rotation within the double bond

31
Q

what is a Z isomer?

A

same group on same side

32
Q

what is an E isomer?

A

same group on opposite side

33
Q

what do you need to do when naming stereoisomers?

A

put E/Z/cis/trans

34
Q

what happens if all the groups are different in stereoisomerism?

A

atoms with a larger atomic number are given priority

35
Q

what is homolytic fission?

A

-bond breaks evenly and each bonding atom receives one electron which is unpaired forming radicals

36
Q

why are radicals highly reactive?

A

because of the unpaired electron

37
Q

what is heterolytic fission?

A

-bond breaks unevenly so one of the bonding atoms receives both electrons from the bonded pair
-two different substances are formed e.g. cation or anion

38
Q

what is a primary alcohol?

A

has one R-group

39
Q

what is a secondary alcohol?

A

has two R-groups

40
Q

what is a tertiary alcohol?

A

has three R-groups

41
Q

what is a primary halogenoalkane?

A

one alkyl group

42
Q

what is a secondary halogenoalkane?

A

two alkyl groups

43
Q

what is a tertiary halogenoalkane?

A

three alkyl groups

44
Q

what is a halogenoalkane?

A

alkanes with at least one halogen atom

45
Q

when can halogenoalkanes be classified into primary, secondary and tertiary?

A

if they have just one halogen atom

46
Q

how do alkenes form polymers?

A

through addition polymerisation

47
Q

how can chemists limit the problems caused by polymer disposal?

A

-developing biodegradable polymers
-removing toxic waste gases caused by incineration of plastics

48
Q

what conditions do photochemical reactions require?

A

UV (light)

49
Q

how do halogens react with alkenes to from halogenoalkanes?

A

photochemical reactions using UV light then radical substitution

50
Q

what are the three stages of radical substitution?

A

initiation, propagation, termination

51
Q

what happens during the initiation step of radical substitution?

A

-radicals are produced (photodissociation)
-diatomic halogen bond splits equally and each atom keeps one electron (homolytic fission)
-atom becomes highly reactive radical due to unpaired electron

52
Q

what happens during the propagation step of radical substitution?

A

-radicals are used up and created in a chain reaction
-radical attacks alkane forming alkane radical
-alkane radical attacks second halogen molecule
-new halogen radical can attack another alkane molecule until all the non radicals are wiped out

53
Q

what happens during the termination step of radical substitution?

A

-two free radicals join together to form a stable molecule
-there are many possible termination reactions

54
Q

what bonds does an alkene have?

A

both sigma and pi bonds (like hot dog) sigma bond sandwiched between pi bond

55
Q

which has a higher electron density pi or sigma and how is it formed?

A

sigma bonds,, two orbitals overlap in a straight line in the space between two atoms giving highest possible electron density=strong electrostatic attraction=highest bond enthalpy

56
Q

how is a pi bond formed?

A

two lobes of two orbitals overlap sideways making the electron density more spread out as it is above and below the nuclei=weaker electrostatic attraction

57
Q

what does adding hydrogen to a C=C bond produce?

A

an alkane- ethene will react with hydrogen gas to produce ethane but only in the presence of a nickel catalyst at a temp of 150 C

58
Q

why do electrophilic addition reactions happen to alkenes?

A

the double bond has lots of electrons so attracts electrophiles which are electron pair accepting e.g. positive ions like H+

58
Q

what is a carbocation?

A

organic ion containing positively charged carbon atom

59
Q

how is margarine formed from vegetable oil?

A

by the catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated vegetable oil double bonds are removed ∴ raising the melting point of the oil so it is solid at room temperature

60
Q

how are halogenoalkanes formed from alkenes?

A

alkenes undergo electrophilic addition with hydrogen halides

61
Q

how are dihalogenoalkanes formed from alkenes?

A

-halogen reacts with alkenes by electrophilic addition
-halogens add across the double bond and each of the carbon atoms ends up bonded to a halogen

62
Q

how are alcohols formed by alkenes?

A

alkenes are hydrated by steam at 300 C and pressure of 60-70 atm with an acid catalyst

63
Q

how are alkenes made with acidified potassium dichromate?

A

shake alkene with acidified potassium dichromate and the purple solution is decolourised then the alkene has been oxidised and a diol (alcohol with two -OH) is made

64
Q

what are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

C, CO2, H2O

65
Q

what are the products of complete combustion?

A

CO2, H2O

66
Q

what is crude oil made from?

A

alkanes

67
Q

how can crude oil be made useful?

A

by fractional distillation- it turns crude oil into useful fractions

68
Q

how can different alkanes in crude oil can be separated by fractional distillation?

A

different alkanes have different boiling points due to the different carbon chain lengths

69
Q

how are alkane molecules attracted to each other?

A

by intermolecular forces

70
Q

are alkanes polar or non-polar?

A

non-polar because carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativites

71
Q

are alkanes soluble in water?

A

no, alkanes have no permanent dipoles so cannot form hydrogen bonds

72
Q

why are alkanes generally unreactive?

A

because of the strong covalent bonds between hydrogen and carbon

73
Q

what happens when alkanes are combusted (burned with enough oxygen)?

A

products are CO2 and water (gas forms)

74
Q

what happens when alkanes are combusted (burned with little oxygen)?

A

incomplete combustion- carbon monoxide, water, carbon are products (may still be some CO2)

75
Q

how do catalytic converters solve the problems caused by pollutants?

A

-stop engines releasing pollutants such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and unburnt hydrocarbons using a platinum catalyst to change the harmful pollutants to harmless gases e.g. water vapour and nitrogen and less harmful ones like CO2

76
Q
A