Organic Chemistry chp 4+5 : Functional Groups and Macromolecules

Question 1

-OH

Answer 1

Hydroxyl; alcohols, hydrophilic and polar

Question 2

-C=O

Answer 2

Carbonyl: aldehydes (when =0 at end of chain), ketones (when =0 in middle), hydrophilic and polar

Question 3

O
  ||
c
  |
  OH

Answer 3

Carboxyl: carboxylic acids, donate protons

Question 4

H
 |
N
 |
   H

Answer 4

Amino; amines, act as bases picking up protons from acids

Question 5

isomers

Answer 5

molecules with same molecular formula but diff arrangements of atoms

Question 6

-SH

Answer 6

sulfhydryl, thiols

Question 7

O
    ||
O-P-O
    |
   O

Answer 7

Phosphate, organic phosphates

Question 8

Hydrolysis

Answer 8

break down by adding water

Question 9

Dehydration

Answer 9

brought together, producing H2O

Question 10

Endergonic

Answer 10

requires energy input

Question 11

Exergonic

Answer 11

releases energy

Question 12

Redox

Answer 12

electron transfer reaction; OIL RIG - oxidizing ion loss, reduction ion gain

Question 13

Carbohydrates

Answer 13

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, pentoses

Question 14

monosaccharides

Answer 14

simple ring sugar, glucose/fructose

Question 15

disaccharides

Answer 15

to mono combined; sucrose/lactose (dehydration synthesis)

Question 16

polysaccharides

Answer 16

polymers; starch (plants)/glycogen (animals): Cellulose(cell walls of glucose) Chitin(polymer of glucose, exoskeltons)

Question 17

Lipids

Answer 17

insulation and long-term energy storage, fats +oils made of glycerol and fatty acids: waxes, phospholipids, steroids

Question 18

Waxes

Answer 18

covering and protection

Question 19

Phospholipids

Answer 19

structural component of cell membrane

Question 20

Steroids

Answer 20

cholesterol and sex hormones, made of 4 fused rings

Question 21

Saturated v unsaturated fats

Answer 21

no double bonds, solidify at room temp; opposite

Question 22

Proteins

Answer 22

polymer of amino acids, joined by peptide bonds, aka polypeptides; can be denatured, 20 know amino acids

Question 23

Primary Structure

Answer 23

sequence of amino acids forming polypeptide chain

Question 24

Secondary Structure

Answer 24

fold into patter (alpha helix or pleated sheet)

Question 25

Tertiary Structure

Answer 25

3d shape (globular of fibrous)

Question 26

Quaternary Structure

Answer 26

2 or more polypeptide chains or subunits

Question 27

Nucleic Acids

Answer 27

nucleotides, DNA RNA, ATP

Question 28

Nucleotide

Answer 28

1. Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
2. phosphate
3. Nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil)