organic chemistry

Question 1

what is a hydrocarbon

Answer 1

a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 2

what is nomenclature

Answer 2

a set of rules that outline how compounds should be named

Question 3

what is the empirical formula

Answer 3

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Question 4

what is the molecular formula

Answer 4

the true number of atoms of an element in a compound

Question 5

what is the structural formula

Answer 5

shows the structural arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 6

what is the displayed formula

Answer 6

shows every atom and every bond in an organic compound

Question 7

what is the equation for a hydrocarbon

Answer 7

H=2C+2

Question 8

what are two products of alkane combustion

Answer 8

water and carbon dioxide

Question 9

what is the complete combustion of propane

Answer 9

C3H8+5O2–>3CO2+4H2O

Question 10

whats the definition of combustion

Answer 10

when a product burns in oxygen

Question 11

what is incomplete combustion

Answer 11

when there is a limited supply of oxygen present or because the combustion is rapid

Question 12

whet is a product of incomplete combustion

Answer 12

carbon monoxide

Question 13

how is an alcohol identified

Answer 13

an OH attached to a hydrocarbon

Question 14

how is a phenol identified

Answer 14

a benzyne ring with an -OH attached

Question 15

how are ethers identified

Answer 15

an oxygen inbetween two hydrocarbons

Question 16

how are esters identifie

Answer 16

a double bond oxygen and a single bond oxygen in between two hydrocrbons

Question 17

how are aldehydes identified

Answer 17

a double bond oxygen inbetween a hydrocarbon and a hydrogen

Question 18

how are ketones identified

Answer 18

a double bond oxygen inbetween two hydrocarbons

Question 19

how are carboxylic acids identified

Answer 19

a double bond oxygen in between an -OH and a hydrocarbon

Question 20

what is the ending for alcohols

Answer 20

ol

Question 21

what is the ending for phenols

Answer 21

ohenol

Question 22

what is the ending for ethers

Answer 22

ether

Question 23

what is the ending for aldehydes

Answer 23

al

Question 24

what is the endiung for ketones

Answer 24

one

Question 25

what is the ending for carboxilic acid

Answer 25

oic acid

Question 26

what is the ending for esters

Answer 26

ate

Question 27

what are the types of recations

Answer 27

addition substitution oxidation reduction and polymerisation

Question 28

what is a polymerisation reaction

Answer 28

a reaction where ultiple monomers join to form a polymer

Question 29

what is an isomer

Answer 29

molecules with the same molecular formularv but a different arrangement of atoms within the molecvule

Question 30

what is a structural isomer

Answer 30

same molecular formular but a different structural arrangement of atoms

Question 31

stereoisomers are ?

Answer 31

isomers that have the same structural formula but a different spacial arrangement of atoms. E-Z isomerism only occurs in alkenes because the limited rotation due to the double bond means that thy can either be together Z or apartE

Question 32

what is the Cahn-Ingold-prelog priority tules

Answer 32

the higher the atomic number, the higher the priority. same priority on top = Z different priority=E

Question 33

what is cracking

Answer 33

the break down of long carbon chains into smaller ones

Question 34

what is thermal cracking

Answer 34

the break down of long chain hydrocarbons into smaller alkanes and alkenes at 1200K and 7000kPa

Question 35

first step of the chlorination of alkanes

Answer 35

initiation

Question 36

what are the conditions for the initiation step to occur

Answer 36

UV light must be present

Question 37

what happens in this initiation stage

Answer 37

the halogen is broken down Cl2-->2Cl·

Question 38

what is thr second stage in the chlorination of alkanes

Answer 38

propagation

Question 39

what occurs in this stage

Answer 39

a hydrogen is replaces and the Cl · radical reformed as a catalyst Cl·+CH4-->·CH4+HCl ·CH3+Cl2-->CH3Cl+Cl·

Question 40

what is the final stage of the chloronation of alkanes

Answer 40

termination

Question 41

what occurs in this stage

Answer 41

two radicals join to end the chain reaction and form a stable product

Question 42

what are electrophiles

Answer 42

electron acceptors and are attracted to areas of high electron density

Question 43

what are some electrophile examples

Answer 43

HBr Br2 H2SO4

Question 44

what is electrophilic addition

Answer 44

reaction mechanism hat shows how electrophiles attack the double bond in alkenes and forms a positive carbon atom

Question 45

how are addition polymers produced

Answer 45

produced from alkenes where the double bond is broken to form a repeating unit.

Question 46

what is a nucleophile

Answer 46

``` species with a positive liking contain a lone pair of electrons examples are CN:- :NH3 -:OH ```