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Chemistry A Level > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Organic chemistry?

A

The study of carbon based compounds

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2
Q

what is empirical formulae?

A

The smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
eg C6H14=C3H7

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3
Q

What is molecular formulae?

A

Shows the number of each type of element present in the compound
Eg water is H2O

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4
Q

what is Structural formula?

A

Shows the structure of the compound without the bonds

Eg Propane is CH3CH2CH3

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5
Q

What is Displayed structural formula?

A

shows the structure of the compound with all the bonds

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6
Q

What is Skeletal formula?

A

a simplified way of showing the structure of the compound without showing all of the atoms and bonds.

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7
Q

What does E/Z isomerism mean?

A

Due to restricted rotation, the arrangements of high priority groups around a certain bond

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8
Q

What functional groups have E/Z isomerism?

A

Alkenes (groups with a double bond)

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9
Q

What are Z-isomers arrangements?

A

The same groups (or highest priority groups) are both above or both below the double bond.

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10
Q

What are E-isomers arrangements ?

A

The same groups (or highest priority groups) are positioned across the double bond.

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11
Q

How can you decide the highest priority groups in E/Z isomerism?

A

The compound or atom with the highest atomic number attached directly to a carbon in the C=C bond.

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12
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of compounds that contain the same functional group, and can be represented by the same general formula.

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13
Q

What is the suffix of an alkane, and give an example

A

-ane

CH3CH2CH3 (propane

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14
Q

What is the prefix of a branched alkane, and give an example?

A
  • alkyl (so if CH3 its methyl, C2H5 it’s ethyl, etc)

- 2-methylbutane

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15
Q

What is the suffix of an alkene, and give an example.

A
  • ene

- CH3CH=CH2

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16
Q

What is what is the prefix of a halogenoalkane, and give an example?

A

Fluoro-/chloro-/Bromo-/iodo-

-CH3CH2Cl (chloroethane)

17
Q

What is the suffix of an alcohol, and give an example?

A
  • ol

- CH3CH2OH

18
Q

What is the suffix of an aldehyde, and give an example?

A
  • al

- CH3CHO

19
Q

What is the suffix of a ketone, and give an example?

A
  • one

- CH3COCH3 (propanone)

20
Q

What is the suffix of a carboxylic acid, and give an example?

A

-oic acid

CH3COOH (ethanoic acid)

21
Q

What is the prefix and suffix of an Ester, and give an example?

A

Alkyl- - oate

-CH3COOCH2CH3 (ethyl ethanoate)

22
Q

What is the suffix of an amine, and give an example?

A
  • amine

- CH3NH2 (methylamine)

23
Q

What are the stages of free radical substitution?

A

Initiation, propagation, termination

24
Q

What fission occurs during free radical substitution?

A

Homolytic fission

25
Q

What happens during initiation (FRS)?

A

A halogen is subjected to UV light, and the single bond breaks, forming two radical halogens.

26
Q

What happens during propagation (FRS)?

A

An alkane reacts with a radical halogen, forming a radical alkane and an acid (eg hydrochloric acid)

27
Q

What happens during the second stage of propagation (FRS)

A

The radical alkane reacts with a diatomic halogen, forming a haloalkane and a radical halogen.

28
Q

What happens during termination (FRS)?

A

There are many methods, eg a radical alkane reacts with a radical halogen to form a normal haloalkane

29
Q

Why do chemists do cracking?

A

Shorter chain alkanes are in higher demand than larger chains, so in order to make use of excess larger hydrogens, their are cracked.

30
Q

What are the conditions for thermal cracking?

A

Temperature - 450-900°c
Pressure - high
No catalyst

31
Q

What are the products of thermal cracking?

A

High proportion of straight chain alkanes and alkenes. Useful as raw materials for the chemical industry.

32
Q

What are the conditions for catalytic cracking?

A

Temperature - 450°c
Pressure - moderate
Catalyst - zealite (aluminium oxide)

33
Q

What are the products of catalytic cracking?

A

High proportion of branched alkanes and alkenes, in addition to cycling and aromatic hydrocarbons, which is useful for motor fuels.

34
Q

What are sources of :OH reagents needed for nucleophilic substitution?

A
  • NaOH

- KOH

35
Q

What happens during the reaction of the nucleophile :OH- and bromoethane?

A

The lone pair OH is attracted to the slightly positive carbon (bonded to the halogen), forming a new covalent bond
The bond between the carbon and halogen is then broken, forming a lone bromine (which is more stable so doesn’t react with the product)

36
Q

What property of haloalkane allows for nucleophilic substitution?

A

The halogen has a high electronegativity, meaning it has a delta- charge, so the carbon has a delta+ charge, so it is slightly more positive

Chemistry A Level (35 decks)

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