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Chemistry A Level > Mechanisms > Flashcards

Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What reducing agents must we know?

A
  • NaBH4
  • H2 and nickel catalyst
  • Tin/HCl
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2
Q

What does NaBH4 do?

A

It reduces a carbonyl group C=O to C-OH

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3
Q

What does H2 and Nickel catalyst do?

A

It reduces a C=C double bond

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4
Q

What does tin/HCl do?

A

It reduces NO2 to NH2

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5
Q

Give examples of dehydrating agents.

A
  • Al2O3

- Acid-catalysed elimination by H3PO4 or H2SO4

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6
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons. It can be separated using fractional distillation as the different chain lengths of molecules result in them having different boiling points.

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7
Q

Describe fractional distillation.

A

1) The mixture is vaporised and fed into the fractionating column
2) Vapours rise, cool and condense
3) Products are siphoned off for different uses.

-Products with short carbon chains have lower boiling points so rise higher up before reaching boiling.

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8
Q

Describe cracking.

A

Longer carbon chains are broken down to form smaller, more useful molecules. The carbon-carbon bonds are broken.

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9
Q

Draw fractional distillation.

A
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10
Q

Describe thermal cracking.

A
  • Produces a high proportion of straight chain alkanes and alkenes
  • 1200K temp
  • 7000kPa pressure
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11
Q

Describe catalytic cracking.

A

-Produces aromatic, cyclic and branched compounds
~720K temp
-1atm
-Zeolite catalyst.

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12
Q

Describe catalytic converters.

A
  • React harmful gases (eg CO, NOx) to form stable products (eg CO2, N2, O2)
  • Using a rhodium, platinum or palladium catalyst.
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13
Q

What are carbon particulates?

A

Incomplete combustion can also produce carbon particulates, small fragments of unburied hydrocarbon, which can cause serious respiratory problems

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14
Q

What can be used to remove sulfur impurities from waste products

A

-Using flue gas desulfurisation, which uses calcium oxide and gypsum.

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15
Q

Give the free radical substitution mechanism involving methane and chlorine.

A
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16
Q

Give examples of nucleophiles.

A

CN:- (eg KCN)
NH3:
-:OH (eg NaOH)

17
Q

Give the mechanism to form an alcohol through nucleophilic subsitution

A
18
Q

Give the reagents, conditions and product of the nucleophilic substitution of a haloalkane with Hydroxide ions

A

Reagent - aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide
Conditions - Reflux in aqueous solution
Product - Alcohol

19
Q

Give the mechanism to form a nitrile through nucleophilic subsitution

A
20
Q

Give the reagents, conditions and product of the nucleophilic substitution of a haloalkane cyanide ions

A

Reagent - aqueous alcoholic potassium or sodium cyanide
Conditions - Reflux in aqueous, alcoholic solution
Product - Nitrile

21
Q

Give the mechanism to form an amine through nucleophilic subsitution

A
22
Q

Give the reagents, conditions and product of the nucleophilic substitution of a haloalkane with excess ammonia

A

Reagent - Aqueous, alcoholic ammonia in excess
Conditions - Reflux in aqueous, alcoholic solution under pressure
Product - amine

23
Q

Give the mechanism to form an alkene through elimination.

A
24
Q

Give the reagents, conditions and product of the elimination of a haloalkane.

A

Reagent - Alcoholic sodium or potassium hydroxide, which acts as a base
Conditions - Reflux in alcoholic solution
Product - Alkene

25
Q

Give the mechanism to form haloalkanes through Electrophilic addition with hydrogen bromide.

A
26
Q

Give the reagents, conditions and product of the Electrophilic addition of an alkene with hydrogen bromide.

A

Reagent - hydrogen bromide
Condition - room temperature
Product - Bromoethane

27
Q

Give the mechanism to form ethanol through Electrophilic addition and hydrolysis using sulfuric acid and water.

A
28
Q

Give the mechanism of elimination of alcohols using concentrate H2SO4 or H3PO4 to produce alkenes.

A
29
Q

What does distillation vs reflux give you when oxidising an alcohol?

A

Distillation gives an aldehyde

Reflux gives a carboxylic acid.

30
Q

Give the mechanism for the nucleophilic addition of an aldehyde to an alcohol using NaBH4

A
31
Q

Give the mechanism for the nucleophilic addition of an aldehyde to a nitrile using Cyanide ions

A
32
Q

How do you form acyl chlorides and give the reaction.

A

CH3COOH + PCl5 -> CH3COCl + POCl3 + HCl

33
Q

Give the mechanism for the nucleophilic addition elimination of acyl chlorides with water.

A
34
Q

Give the mechanism for the nucleophilic addition elimination of acyl chlorides with alcohol.

A
35
Q

Give the mechanism for the nucleophilic addition elimination of acyl chlorides with amines.

A
36
Q

Give the mechanism for the nucleophilic addition elimination of acyl chlorides with ammonia.

A
37
Q

Give the mechanism for Friedal crafts acylation with a haloalkane

A
38
Q

Give the mechanism for Friedal crafts acylation with an Acylium ion

A
39
Q

Give the mechanism for the nitration of benzene.

A

Chemistry A Level (35 decks)

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