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Chemistry IGCSE > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound made of only hydrogen and carbon ONLY

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2
Q

What type of bonding do hydrocarbons have

A

Covalent because they are both non-metals

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3
Q

What is the formula for methane

A

CH4

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4
Q

What is the formula for Ethane

A

C2H6

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5
Q

What is the formula for propane

A

C3H8

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6
Q

What is the formula for Butane

A

C4H10

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7
Q

What is the general formula for a hydrocarbon

A

Cn+H2n+n

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8
Q

What is are isomers

A

compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structure

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9
Q

What type of bonds do alkanes have

A

Single

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10
Q

What is crude oil

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons which have different chain lengths and boiling points

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11
Q

Describe how fractional distillation separates crude oil into different fractions

A

The oil is heated until it is vaporised, it then goes into a fractioning column which is being heated. The hydrocarbons with longer chains have higher boiling points so ether are separated first. At the top of the column are hydrocarbons with shorter chains as they have lower boiling points.

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12
Q

What is incomplete combustion

A

Burning a hydrocarbon in a limited supply of oxygen

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13
Q

What is complete combustion

A

Burning a hydrocarbon in a unlimited supply of oxygen

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14
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion

A

Soot - carbon and carbon monoxide

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15
Q

What are the products of complete combustion

A

Carbon Dioxide and water

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16
Q

What is a homogeneous series

A

A homologous series is a family of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties who share the same general formula.

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17
Q

What are the types of oil found when crude oil is separated and their uses ( from top to bottom)

A
  • refinery gasses: fuel for domestic heating and cooking
  • petrol : fuel for cars
  • kerosene : fuel for aircrafts
  • diesel oil : fuel for some cars and trains
  • fuel oil : fuel for ships and power stations
  • bitumen : for roofs and roads
18
Q

Trends found in crude oil fractions as you go up the column

A

As you go up:

  • boiling point decreases
  • length of chain
  • volatility increases
  • flow increases
  • ignites easily
19
Q

What does endothermic mean

A

Releases heat energy

20
Q

Describe how nitrogen oxides are formed and why they are harmful to the environment

A

When car engines get too hot, nitrogen and oxygen in the air react and float up into the atmosphere (as it is a gas) and becomes dissolved in rain which causes acid rain which can damage aquatic life and is harmful to the environment

21
Q

What does the term unsaturated mean

A

Has a double bond between carbons

22
Q

What is cracking

A

The process of breaking down long hydrocarbon molecules into smaller chains

23
Q

Alkenes are what kind of hydrocarbons

A

UNsaturated

24
Q

What are alkenes

A

Hydrocarbons that have one (or more) double covalent bond therefore considered unsaturated. They are very reactive and undergo addition reactions across their double bond

25
Q

General formula for alkenes

26
Q

what is the name of alkene with formula C2H4

27
Q

what is the name of alkene with formula C3H6

28
Q

what is the name of alkene with formula C4H8

29
Q

alkenes react with bromine by addition reactions to form

A

dibromoalkanes

30
Q

What is the colour change when alkenes react with bromine to form dibromoalkanes

A

orange/brown to colourless

31
Q

Does bromine exist naturally in what state

A

a liquid (also DIATOMIC)

32
Q

When alkAnes and bromine react under specific conditions, the reaction can be known as a ….. reaction

A

substitution reaction

33
Q

What conditions are needed when steam reacts with alkenes

A
  • 300*c
  • 60-70 atm
  • phosphoric acid catalyst
34
Q

Why do alkenes decolourise bromine water

A
  • bromine that was aq now bonded to carbon
35
Q

What is a polymer

A

A polymer is a (large) molecule, made from joining together many small molecules called monomers

36
Q

what is a monomer

A

a monomer is the small molecule containing the double bond that makes up the repeated pattern found in polymers (alkene)

37
Q

What must a monomer have

A
  • double bond between 2 carbons
38
Q

What does the term biodegradable mean

A

Can be broken down by action of bacteria

39
Q

Why is cracking a common industrial process

A
  • because the demand for shorter hydrocarbons is much larger compared to longer chain hydrocarbons it is more efficient to crack hydrocarbons to make shorter ones that will be more useful
40
Q

When burning plastic waste, what can happen that damages the environment

A
  • the release of toxic gases into the atmosphere

Chemistry IGCSE (11 decks)

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