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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What bonds do alkanes have?

A

C-C single bonds

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2
Q

Alkane general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

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4
Q

Alkanes are saturated compounds. What does that mean?

A

Each carbon atom forms 4 single covalent bonds

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5
Q

What are the first 4 alkanes?

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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6
Q

The shorter the chain length what happens to the viscosity?

A

Less viscous

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7
Q

The shorter the chain length what happens to the volatility?

A

More volatile, gas at a lower temperature, lower boiling point

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8
Q

The shorter the chain length what happens to the flammability?

A

More flammable

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9
Q

What are ‘bottled gasses’

A

Gasses stored under high pressure as liquids in bottles, happen to short-chain hydrocarbons

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10
Q

Hydrocarbon complete combustion equation

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxde + water (+energy)

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11
Q

What is crude oil and how is it formed?

A

A fossil fuel, the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago and were buried in mud, high temperature and pressure, remains turn to crude oil, drilled from the rocks which is where its found

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12
Q

What is crude oil and how is it separated?

A

A mixture of different hydrocarbons and by fractional distillation

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13
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

.Oil is heated to a gas
.Gas enters a fractioning column
.Hot at the bottom and cool at the top (temperature gradient)
.Long chain lengths have high boiling points so condense quickly and drain out at the bottom
.The shorter chain lengths have lower boiling points so condense and drain out much later at the top where its cooler
.You end up with a crude oil mixture that has been separated into different fractions

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14
Q

What is LPG?

A

Liquid petroleum gas

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15
Q

What is cracking and why do we do it?

A

Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons, we do it to get smaller chain lengths as they are more useful

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16
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition - breaking down molecules by heating them

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17
Q

Describe how to catalytic crack

A

.Heat long chain hydrocarbons to vaporize them
.Vapour is passed over a hot powdered aluminum oxide catalyst
.The long chains split apart on the surface of the catalyst - this is catalytic cracking

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18
Q

Describe how to steam crack

A

.Heat long chain hydrocarbons to vaporize them
.Mix them with steam
.Heat them to a very high temperature
.This is steam cracking

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19
Q

Word equation for cracking?

A

Long chain hydrocarbon –> shorter alkane + alkene

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20
Q

What type of bonds do alkenes have?

A

One C=C double bond

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21
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

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22
Q

What are more reactive alkanes or alkenes? Why?

A

Alkenes, their C=C bond can open up to form a single bond and allow the carbon molecules to bond with other atoms

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23
Q

Name the first 4 alkenes

A

Ethene, propene, butene and pentene

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24
Q

Alkene general formula

A

CnH2n

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25
Q

State the standard equation for the incomplete combustion of alkene

A

alkene + oxygen –> carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon doxide + water (+ energy)

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26
Q

What will you see from the incomplete combustion of alkenes? What will you get energy wise?

A

Smoky yellow flame

Less energy than complete combustion

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27
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms in a molecule that determines how that molecule typically reacts

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28
Q

What is the alkene functional group?

A

C=C

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29
Q

What type of reactions do alkenes usually undertake?

A

Addition reactions

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30
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

The addition of hydrogen

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31
Q

Describe the process and product of hydrogenation

A

Hydrogen can react with the double bonded alkenes to open up the double bond and form the equivalent alkane, it is reacted in the presence of a catalyst

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32
Q

How do alkenes react with halogens?

A

In the same way as hydrogen, the C=C bond is broken and each atom in the covalently bonded halogen each takes one bond

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33
Q

Ethene + bromine –>

A

Dibromoethane

34
Q

Why DI in them name Dibromoethane?

A

Two bromine atoms

35
Q

Why ethane in the name dibromoethane?

A

Saturated

36
Q

What color does bromine water turn if mixed with an alkene? Why?

A

Colorless, as the bromine will add across the double bond making a colorless dibromo-compound, decoloring it

37
Q

What do you add to alkenes to form alcohols?

A

Steam

38
Q

How can ethanol be made?

A

Mixing ethene with steam and passing it over a catalyst

39
Q

When making ethanol from ethene industrially what happens after the reaction has taken place?

A

The reaction mixture is passed from the rector into the condenser, ethanol, and water both condense as they have a higher boiling point and unreacted ethene gas is recycled back into the reactor. The alcohol can then be purified from the mixture by fractional distillation

40
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long molecule formed when lots of monomers join together, this reaction is called polymerization

41
Q

What conditions does polymerization need?

A

High pressure and a catalyst

42
Q

What are plastics made of?

A

Polymers, usually from carbon-based alkene monomers

43
Q

What is addition polymerization?

A

Lots of unsaturated molecules can open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains

44
Q

What does the ‘n’ on a displayed formula of an addition polymer mean?

A

It shows there is a number of monomers

45
Q

How do you get the polymer name from the monomer? Use Propene as an example

A

Put the word ‘poly’ in front of the monomer name and but the monomer name in brackets - poly(propene)

46
Q

Alcohol general formula

A

CnH2n+1OH

47
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

-OH

48
Q

Name first 4 alcohols

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

49
Q

What is the naming system?

A

The same as the alkanes but replace the final ‘e’ with an ‘ol’

50
Q

Why is CH3OH correct but CH4O not?

A

It shows the -OH functional group

51
Q

Describe the first 4 alcohols

A 
.Flammable
.Undergo complete combustion
.Soluble in water with neutral pH
.React with sodium to produce hydrogen
.Oxidised to produce carboxylic acid
52
Q

What is methanol and ethanol used as?

A

Solvents in industry, they can dissolve most things water can dissolve plus hydrocarbons, oils, and fats

53
Q

What are the first 4 hydrocarbons used as? Example

A

Fuels, ethanol is used as a fuel in spirit burners - burns fairly clean and is non-smelly

54
Q

Which alcohol is the one in wine and beer?

A

Ethanol, usually made via fermentation

55
Q

Describe the process of fermentation

A

Fermentation uses an enzyme in yeast to convert sugars into ethanol, carbon dioxide is also produced, a reaction occurs in a solution so the ethanol produced is aqueous

56
Q

Word equation for fermentation

A

Sugar –> yeast –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

57
Q

Best conditions for fermentation

A

37’C
Slightly acid
Anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)

58
Q

The functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

59
Q

How do carboxylic acids get their name? and name the first 4

A

The names end in ‘anoic’ and start with the normal starters

methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

60
Q

What does the functional group look like structurally?

A

A Carbon atom double bonded to an Oxygen atom and singly bonded to a hydroxide molecule

61
Q

What does a carboxylic acid produce when it reacts with carbonates?

A

a salt, water and carbon dioxide

62
Q

Ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate –>

A

sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

63
Q

How do you name the salts produced in carboxylic acids reactions with carbonates?

A

the end in ‘anoate’

64
Q

Why do carboxylic acids form weak acidic solutions? How does this compare them to strong acids of the same concentration?

A

When they dissolve in water and ionize by releasing the H+ ions they don’t ionize completely (not all the acid molecules releases their H+ ions), so they have a higher pH than other acids of the same concentration

65
Q

Esters functional group

A

‘-COOH-‘

66
Q

How are esters formed? (word equation)

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid –> acid catalyst –> ester + water

67
Q

What acid catalyst is usually used?

A

Concentrated sulfuric acid

68
Q

Ethanoic acid + ethanol –> acid catalyst –>

A

Ethyl ethanoate + water

69
Q

What does condensation polymerization involve?

A

Monomers that contain different functional groups

70
Q

What do the monomers do in condensation polymerization?

A

.React and form bonds, making polymer chains
.For each new bond that forms a small molecule, for example, water is lost which is why it’s called condensation polymerization

71
Q

Ethane diol + hexanedioic acid –>

A

a polyester + water

72
Q

A diol + a dicarboxylic acid –>

A

condensation polymer + water

73
Q

What functional groups do amino acids have?

A

a basic amino group (NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group (COOH)

74
Q

What is the smallest and simplest amino acid?

A

Glycine

75
Q

What can amino acids form through condensation polymerization?

A

Polymers known as polypeptides

76
Q

What do long chains of polypeptides make?

A

proteins

77
Q

What gives proteins their different polymers and shapes?

A

The order of amino acids

78
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

Two polymer chains of monomers known as ‘nucleotides’

79
Q

What do sugars contain?

A

They are small molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

80
Q

What can sugars do?

A

React together through polymerization reactions to form larger polymers

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