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CHEMISTRY GCSE > ORGANIC CHEMISTRY > Flashcards

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT IS a hydrocarbon

A

a compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon atoms

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2
Q

what is an alkane

A

they are saturated hydrocarbons

and they have carbon carbon single bonds

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3
Q

what are the first four alkanes

A

methane
ethane
propane
butane

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4
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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5
Q

what happens if you change the length of a carbon chain

A

the properties of the hydrocarbon change

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6
Q

properties of short hydrocarbons

A

less viscous
more volatile (lower boiling point)
more flammable

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7
Q

what are the products of the complete combustion of any hydrocarbon

A

carbon dioxide and water

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8
Q

what can hydrocarbons be used as

A

they can be used as fuels because of the energy that they release when they combust completely

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9
Q

complete combustion equation

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen ——- carbon dioxide + water

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10
Q

what is crude oil

A

it is fossil fuel and contains a mixture of hydrocarbons

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11
Q

how are the different compounds in crude oil seperated

A

fractional distillation

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12
Q

how does fractional distillation work

A

the oil is heated until most of it has turned into a gas, the gases then enter a fractionating column
in the column theres a temperature gradient
the longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points, they condense back into liquids and drain out of the column early on, when theyre near the bottom
the shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points they condense and drain near the top of the column where its cooler
the crude oil mixture is now separated into different fractions

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13
Q

importance of crude oil

A

oil provides the fuel for most modern transport
the petrochemical industry uses some of the hydrocarbons from crude oil as feedstock to make new compounds for use in things like polymers solvents lubricants and detergents

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14
Q

what is cracking

A

splitting up long chain hydrocarbons

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15
Q

why would we crack longer chain hydrocarbons

A

longer chain hydrocarbons form thick gloopy liquids which aren’t useful and short hydrocarbons are more useful as they are more flammable, so they make good fuels and are in high demand

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16
Q

why is cracking useful

A

longer hydrocarbon molecules produced from fractional distillation are turned into smaller more useful ones by cracking

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17
Q

what type of reaction is cracking

A

thermal decomposition reaction

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18
Q

process of catalytic cracking

A

the first step is too heat long chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them
then the vapour is passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
the long chain molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of catalysts

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19
Q

whats another way of cracking hydrocarbons other than catalytic cracking and how does it work

A

steam cracking

if you vaporise them mix them with steam and then heat them to a very high temperature

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20
Q

What are alkenes

A

they are unsaturated hydrocarbons

and they have double carbon carbon bonds

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21
Q

what are the first 4 alkenes and how many c’s does it have

A

ethene (2cs)
propene (3cs)
butene (4cs)
pentene (5cs)

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22
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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23
Q

in a large amount of oxygen, alkenes…..

A

combust completely to produce only water and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

why is it hard for alkenes to combust completely what happens when this happens

A

there isn’t enough oxygen in the air for this, so when you burn them they tend to undergo incomplete combustion

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25
Q

what happens in incomplete combustion

A

carbon dioxide and water are still produced but carbon monoxide and carbon is also produced

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26
Q

what is the equation for incomplete combustion

A

alkene + oxygen ——- carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water

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27
Q

what is a functional group

A

is a group of atoms in a molecule that determine how that molecule reacts

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28
Q

why are alkenes a homologous series

A

because they all have the same functional group and react in similar ways

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29
Q

what is the addition of hydrogen called

A

hydrogenation

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30
Q

what happens when alkenes react with hydrogen

A

its in the presence of a catalyst

opens up the double bond to form a single bond

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31
Q

what happens when alkenes react with steam

A

its passed over a catalyst

water is added across the double bond and an alcohol is formed

32
Q

how can ethanol be made

A

mixing ethene with steam and then passing it over a catalyst

33
Q

what happens when alkenes react with halogens

A

the c=c carbons become bonded to a halogen atom

becomes a single bond also

34
Q

how do you test for alkenes

A

add bromine water to the compound if its an alkene the bromine water will turn colourless

35
Q

what colour is bromine water

A

orange

36
Q

what happens if you add bromine water to an alkane

A

the bromine water will stay orange as there are no alkenes

37
Q

what are plastics made up of

A

they are made up of long chain molecules called polymers

38
Q

what are polymers

A

they are long molecules formed by many monomers

39
Q

what are addition polymers made from

A

unsaturated monomers

40
Q

how to draw the displayed formula for an addition polymer

A

start by drawing the two alkene carbons and then replace the double bond with a single bond and extra bond to each of the carbons
fill in what you need to drawing lines above the carons
draw brackets and then put an n next to it

41
Q

what functional group do alcohols have and what do they end in

A

-oh and end in ol

42
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

43
Q

what are the first 4 alcohols

A

methanol
ethanol
propanol
butanol

44
Q

what do all alcohols have in common

A

they have the functional group oh-

45
Q

what similar properties do the first four alcohols have

A

they are flammable and they undergo complete combustion in air to produce carbon dioxide and water
theyre all soluble in water and have a neutral ph
they react with sodium
they can be oxidised by reacting with oxygen to produce a carboxylic acid

46
Q

what can the first four alcohols be used as

A

fuels

47
Q

what can alcohols be used as in industry

A

solvents

48
Q

when does complete combustion occur

A

when theres oxygen

49
Q

another way that ethanol can be made other than the use of ethene

A

by fermentation

50
Q

how does fermentation work

A

fermentation uses an enzyme in yeast to convert sugars into ethanol carbon dioxide is also produced

51
Q

what is the word equation for fermentatoin

A

yeast

sugar ——- ethanol + carbon dioxide

52
Q

when does fermentation happen fastest

A

when at 37 degrees in a slightly acidic solution under anaerobic conditions

53
Q

what functional group do carboxylic acids have

A

-COOH

54
Q

what are the first four carboxylic acids

A

methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
propanoic acid
butanoic acid

55
Q

how are carboxylic acids drawn

A

eg CH3COOH

CH3 DRAWN NORMALLY then another single bond to c the
c double bond to o drawn diagonally upwards then
single bond downwards diagonally OH

56
Q

how do carboxylic acids react with carbonates

A

they react to produce a salt, water and carbon dioxide

57
Q

what do the salts formed end in, when in the reaction of an carboxylic acid and a carbonate
eg ethanoic

A

-anoate

ethanoate

58
Q

ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate —–

A

sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

59
Q

what happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water

A

they ionise and release h+ ions

60
Q

what functional group do esters have

A

-COO-

61
Q

how are esters formed

A

from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

62
Q

what catalyst is usually used when forming an ester

A

an acid catalyst

63
Q

what is the word equation for the formation of an ester

A

acid catalyst

alcohol + carboxylic acid ———————- ester + water

64
Q

ethanoic acid + ethanol =

A

(acid catalyst) ethyl ethanoate + water

65
Q

how to draw esters

A

take out the OH from the carboxylic acid and take out the H from the start of the alcohol
join the acid and alcohol together with a bond down with the c and the o
separately add the h20 on the side

66
Q

how many types of monomers in additional polymerisation

A

only one type containing a c=c bond

67
Q

no of products in addition polymerisation

A

only one product formed

68
Q

functional groups involved in addition polymerisation

A

carbon carbon double bond in monomer

69
Q

how many types of monomers in condensation polymerisation

A

two monomer types each containing two of the same functional groups
or
one monomer type with two different functional groups

70
Q

how many products formed in condensation polymerisation

A

two types of product- the polymer and a small molecule

71
Q

functional groups involved in condensation polymerisation

A

two reactive groups on each monomer

72
Q

what functional groups do amino acids contain

A

a basic amino group NH2 and an acidic carboxyl group (COOH)

73
Q

what polymers can amino acids form

A

polypeptides via condensation polymerisation

74
Q

what are sugars

A

are small molecules that contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

75
Q

what small molecule is lost when two amino acids react together to form a new bond

A

water

76
Q

amino acids can bond together by condensation polymerisation state the type of polymer formed from this reaction

A

polypeptides

77
Q

give three examples of naturally occurring polymers

A

proteins
starch
DNA

CHEMISTRY GCSE (13 decks)

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