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GCSE - Chemistry (Old) > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are fractions?

A

Mixtures of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points, separated by fractional distillation.

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2
Q

What is distillation?

A

A process used to separate mixtures.

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3
Q

What are the types of distillation?

A

Simple distillation - Separating out a liquid from a solution. Fractional distillation - Separating out a mixture of liquids.

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4
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Two or more substances not chemically bonded together.

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5
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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6
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of compounds that have the same general formula and the same properties. They differ by one CH2 group. (e.g. Alkanes)

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7
Q

What are alkanes?

A

A homologous series of hydrocarbons with the general formula of CnH2n+2, and only have single bonds.

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8
Q

Define saturated (in relation to hydrocarbons).

A

Containing only single bonds (maximum number of hydrogens bound to the carbon)

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9
Q

Define molecular formula.

A

Formula that shows the number of each type of atom within a compound. (e.g. C2H6)

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10
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n and they contain a carbon to carbon double bond.

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11
Q

Are alkenes saturated?

A

No, as they have a double bond.

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12
Q

What is the prefix of the first five hydrocarbons?

A

Meth, Eth, Prop, But, Pent

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13
Q

What happens when you add bromine water to an alkene and alkane?

A
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14
Q

What is the reaction between an alkene/alkane and bromine water called?

A

Addition Reaction

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15
Q

What state are the hydrocarbons in when they enter the distillation collumn?

A

Gas

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16
Q

What ensures there can be fractional distallation in the column?

A

Temperature Gradient

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17
Q

What happens to the gas hydrocarbons when they hit a surface which is lower than their boiling point?

A

Condensation

18
Q

Name the properties of long hydrocarbons

A

High boiling points, viscous, darker in colour, not very volatile

19
Q

Where do long hydrocarbons condense in a distillation collumn?

A

Lower down the column

20
Q

Learn the different fractions of the fractionating column

A
21
Q

What part of the fractioning column stop condensed hydrocarbons running back down the column and provides the surface for condensation?

A

Bubble Caps

22
Q

What is the range of carbons in the hydrocarbon chain found in the fractionating column?

A

~3 - 70+

23
Q

Name a use of the refinery gases

A

Bottled gas/heating

24
Q

Name a use for gasoline

A

Fuel for cars

25
Q

Name a use for Naphtha

A

Starting material for chemical production of paints, explosive etc.

26
Q

Name a use for kerosene(paraffin)

A

Jet engines, paint solvent

27
Q

Name a use for diesel

A

Fuel for diesel engines

28
Q

Name a use for fuel oil

A

Domestic central heating

29
Q

Name a use for bitumen

A

Road surfacing and asphalt for roofs

30
Q

What is cracking?

A

The process of breaking large hydrocarbons down into smipler molecules by heating them

31
Q

What are the properties of small hydrocarbons?

A

Low boiling points, very volatile (ignite easily), flows easily

32
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Smaller alkanes, and alkenes

33
Q

What conditions are needed for cracking?

A

600-700oC, and an aluminium oxide (alumina) + silicon dioxide catalyst

34
Q

What is the difference between the molecular and structural formula?

A

Molecular formula: Type and number of atoms in the molecule

Structural formula: Arragements of the atoms within the molecules

35
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae

36
Q

Give an example of cracking

A

Dodecane –> Octane + Ethene

C12H26 –> C8H18 + 2C2H4

37
Q

What happens to the boiling point of isomers when branching occurs?

A
38
Q

What process turns vegetable oil into olive spread?

A

Hydrogenation

39
Q

What does the process of hydrogenation entail?

A

Turning the liquid vegetable oil into solid spread

(Unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fats)

40
Q

What type of cumbustion occurs when there is plenty of oxygen?

A

Complete combustion

Alkane + Oxygen –> Cardon Dioxide + Water

41
Q

What reaction occurs when there is not enough oxygen for combustion?

A

Incomplete combustion

alkane + oxygen –> carbon + carbon monoxide + water

42
Q

What is required to make an alkane react with halogens?

A

UV light

GCSE - Chemistry (Old) (14 decks)

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