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GCSE - Chemistry (Old) > Equilibrium > Flashcards

Equilibrium Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the symbol for a reversible reaction?

A
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2
Q

What occurs when the a reversible reaction occurs in a closed system?

A

Dynamic equilibrium

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3
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

The relative quantities of reactants and products will reach a certain balance and stay there

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4
Q

Name two examples of reversible reactions

A

Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate + water ⇔ hydrated copper(II) sulfate

ammonium chloride ⇔ ammonia + hydrogen chloride

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5
Q

What is Le Chatelier’s principle?

A

If a dynamic equilibrium is distributed by changing the conditions, the positionof equilibrium moves to counteract the change.

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6
Q

How does temperature affect an exothermic reaction?

A

Increase in Temperature: equilibrium shifts to the left

Descrease in temperature: equilibrium shifts to the right

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7
Q

How does pressure affect a reversible reaction?

A

Increase in pressure: moves to the place with fewer moles of gas

Decrease in pressure: moves to the place with more moles of gas

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8
Q

What are the properties of Ammonia?

A
  • Compound
  • Colourless gas
  • Choking gas
  • Weak alkali
  • Very soluble in water
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9
Q

What are the uses of ammonia?

A
  • Fertilisers
  • Explosives
  • Nitric acid
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10
Q

What is the manufacture of ammonia called?

A

The haber process

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11
Q

What are the raw materials in the Haber process and how are they obtained?

A

Hydrogen - reacting methane and steam or the cracking of oil

Nitrogen- obtaining it from the air using fractional distillation or burning hydrogen in air

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12
Q

What are the conditions for the Haber process?

A

High temperature - 450oC

High pressure - 200 atmospheres

Iron catalyst

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13
Q

Why do they use a high temperature in the Haber process?

A

Increases the rate of reaction although it decreases the yield

(Comprimise)

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14
Q

Why is a high pressure used in the Haber process?

A

There are fewer moles of gas of ammonia so it increases the yield

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15
Q

What affect does a catalyst have?

A

Increases the rate of reaction without changing the yield of ammonia produced

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16
Q

What is recycled in the Haber process?

A

Unused hygrogen and nitrogen

17
Q

What state is ammonia removed from the haber process and how?

A

Liquid by condensation as it has a higher boiling point than hydrogen and nitrogen

18
Q

What is the first stage in the production of nitric acid?

A

Ammonia + Oxygen → Nitrogen monoxide + Water

4 NH3 + 5O2 ⇔ 4 NO + 6 H2O

HIGHLY Exothermic, Platinum Rhodium catalyst

19
Q

What is the second stage in the manufacture of nitric acid?

A

Nitrogen monoxide + Oxygen → Nitrogen dioxide

2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2

20
Q

What is the third stage in the manufacture of nitric acid?

A

Nitrogen dioxide + Water + Oxygen → Nitric Acid

4 NO2 + O2 + 2 H2O → 4 HNO3

21
Q

How is the fertiliser ammonium nitrate made?

A

Nitric acid + Ammonia → Ammonium Nitrate

HNO3 + NH3 → NH4NO3

22
Q

Why do you add acid to water instead of the other way aorund?

A

As if you add water to acid then they react and it is not dissapated, no water to hold heat so a acid mist is formed which is very daangerous

23
Q

What is the manufacture of sulphuric acid called?

A

The contact process

24
Q

What are the uses of sulphuric acid?

A

Paint, ferilisers and detergents

25
Q

What are the raw materials of the contact process?

A

Sulphur- desulphurisation of fuels

Air

26
Q

What occurs at the first stage of the contact process?

A

Sulphur is burned in air

S + O2 → SO2

27
Q

What occurs at the second stage in the contact process?

A

Sulphur dioxide + Oxygen → Sulphur trioxide

SO2 + O2 ⇔ 2 SO3

28
Q

What conditions are required for the second stage in the contact process?

A

High temperature 450oC - increases rate of reaction (lowers yield)

Low Pressure 1-2 atm - reduces yield but much cheaper

Vanadium oxide catalyst (V2O5)

29
Q

Why do you not add suplur trioxide to water?

A

Creates a dense fog of sulphuric acid

30
Q

What occurs in the third stage of the contact process

A

H2SO4 + SO3 → H2S2O7

Sulphuric acid + Sulphur Trioxide → Oleum

THEN

H2S2O7 + H2O → 2H2SO4

Oleum + Water → Sulphuric acid (double concentration)

GCSE - Chemistry (Old) (14 decks)

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