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Chemistry > organic chemistry 4/3/24 > Flashcards

organic chemistry 4/3/24 Flashcards

RG p67-80

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1
Q

what is a homologous series?

2 things

A

a) a group of compounds which behave in a similar way chemically
b) as a result of being from the same functional group

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2
Q

give examples of 3 homologous series

A
  • alkanes
  • alkenes
  • alcohols
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3
Q

what does the start of each name of a compound in a homologous series indicate?

e.g. METHane, BUTene, ETHanol

A

number of carbons

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4
Q

a homologous series is a group of compounds which have the same ____ formula

A

general formula

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5
Q

alkanes: the formula of each molecule in the series in creases by a [___?___] each time

A

CH2

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6
Q

general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2, e.g. propANE, C3H8

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7
Q

as the number of carbons increases in a homologous series, the boiling and melting points [_?___]

A

also increase

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8
Q

compounds in a homologous series have similar [___?___] properties

A

chemical properties

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9
Q

as the chain length of the compounds in a homologous series increases, so does the [?]

A

number of carbons

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10
Q

give a homologous series whose compounds are only hydrocarbons

A

alkAnes

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11
Q

what are hydrocarbons?

A

compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen ONLY

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12
Q

alkanes: every carbon bond has FOUR [?] COVALENT bonds [??]

A

[?] = SINGLE
[??] = SATURATED

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13
Q

what does saturated mean?

A

containing ONLY SINLE covalent bonds (no double or tripple or whatever)

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14
Q

all alkanes have a [?] at each end of the molecule

A

CH3

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15
Q

in which homologous series is there always a CH3 at each end of the molecule?

A

alkanes

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16
Q

how can you remember the order/numbers of the start of the names of molecules?

e.g. METH, ETH, etc.

A

meth
eth
prop
but
pent
.
monkeys
eat
proper
butiful
penuts

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17
Q

general formula definition

A

“a mathematical formula that describes any member of a homologous series”

(the formula with 2n and things like that)

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18
Q

general formula: applied to ethane

A

CnH2n+2

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19
Q

molecular formula definition

A

“the actual number of atoms of each element of a compound”

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20
Q

molecular formula: applied to ethane

A

C2H6

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21
Q

empirical formula definition

A

“the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound”

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22
Q

empirical formula: applied to ethane

A

CH3

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23
Q

structural formula definition

A

“a written representation of how the carbon atoms are arranged”

24
Q

structural formula: applied to ethane

A

CH3CH3

25
Q

displayed formula definition

A

“shows how the atoms are arranged and ALL THE BONDS”

like when you draw the molecule

26
Q

are alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes? why?

A

alkenes are MORE reactive than alkanes
alkenes have a double covalent bond (they are unsaturated)
this double bond makes the molecule very reactive

27
Q

from educake

Ethanol can be produced from ethene using steam. What is this process known as?

A

hydration
(Organic reactions in which water is a reactant are often referred to as “hydration reactions”.)

28
Q

from educake

What is needed to speed up the reaction of ethene and water to make ethanol?

A

phosphoric acid (as a catalyst)

29
Q

from educake

What is the symbol of the functional group that all alcohols contain?

A

-OH

30
Q

from educake

Do carboxylic acids have double bonds between carbon atoms?

A

No (there is only a carbon-oxygen double bond)

31
Q

from educake

name the alcohol found in alcoholic drinks

A

ethanol

32
Q

from educake

what type of reaction is used to produce ethanoic acid from ethanol?

A

oxidation

33
Q

from educake

name the gas produced when carboxylic acids reacts with carbonates

A

carbon dioxide
(all acids react with carbonates to form carbon dioxide)

34
Q

from educake

which of the following is an example of a carboxylic acid?
* ethyl ethanoate
* hydrochloric acid
* butanoic acid
* sodium propanoate

A

butanoic acid
(all carboxylic acids end in ‘-anoic acid’)

35
Q

from educake

What is the name of the carboxylic acid with the formula C3H7COOH?

(the 3 and 7 should be subscript)

A

butanoic acid
(The compound has 4 carbon atoms, so it has the “but-“ prefix. It is a carboxylic acid, so it has the “-anoic acid” ending.)

36
Q

from educake

what is the functional group of all carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

37
Q

from educake

Which of the following is NOT needed for fermentation to produce ethanol?
* yeast
* light
* water
* sugar

A

light
(Fermentation needs sugar, water and yeast. Light is not required.)

38
Q

from educake

What is the name of the type of polymerisation that involves the loss of small molecules, such as water?

A

condensation polymerisation

39
Q

from educake

name this substance:
CH3CH2COOH

A

propanoic acid
3xC’s = prop-
-COOH = -anoic acid
= propanoic acid

40
Q

from educake

Ethanol can be produced from ethene. What substance found in the earth do we obtain ethene from?

A

crude oil

41
Q

from educake

Vinegar is an aqueous solution of which substance?

A

ethanoic acid

42
Q

from educake

Look at the chemical equation shown below. Name the alcohol taking part in this reaction:
2 CH3OH (l) + 3 O2 (g) –> X (g) + 4 H2O (l)

A
  • alcohol = methanol, HCOOH
  • (X = methanoic acid, because
    alcohol + O2 –> carboxylic acid)
43
Q

from educake

Alkenes react with steam in the presence of a ________ to produce an alcohol. What is the missing word in this sentence?

A

catalyst - a catalyst such as phosphoric acid must be present for this reaction

44
Q

from educake

Ethanol can be produced using yeast. What is this process called?

A

fermentation

45
Q

from educake

Fermentation is used to produce ethanol from a glucose solution. What process can be used to separate the ethanol from the fermentation mixture?

A

fractional distillation
(this is a common method for separating mixtures of liquids)

46
Q

the ethanol produced from fermentation isn’t very c—– so it needs to be d—– then p—–

A

concentrated so it needs to be distilled then purified

47
Q

from educake

In polyesters, one of the monomers has two COOH groups. What are the functional groups on the other monomer?

A

two -OH groups

48
Q

from educake

Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates to produce water, a salt and carbon dioxide. Which of these substances creates the same products when reacting with carbonates?
* ethanol
* ethene
* ethane
* propanoic acid

A

prpoanoic acid.
This reaction is typical of carboxylic acids reacting with carbonates, where the acid neutralizes the carbonate, producing a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas.
ALL ACIDS react with CARBONATES to form A SALT, H2O AND CO2

49
Q

from educake

Methanoic acid is produced by oxidising… what?

A

methanol
(Alcohols can be oxidised to produce the equivalent carboxylic acid. Methanol can be oxidised to methanoic acid.)

50
Q

from educake

What is advantage of making ethanol by fermentation?

A

the raw materials used are all renewable resources

51
Q

from educake

which of these is an advantage of making ethanol by fermentation:
* it does not require a catalyst
* it makes 100% pure ethanol
* it is a fast continuous process
* uses renewable resources ?

A

uses renewable resources:
* sugar (sugar cane) is grown as a major crop around the world
* yeast (which acts as a natural catalyst in fermentation reactions) is also easy to grow

52
Q

from educake

Alcohols can be reacted with which chemical to produce carboxylic acids?

A

acidifried potassium dichromate (aq)

53
Q

from educake

What is NOT a condition for making ethanol by fermentation:
* temperature 30 degrees C
* phosphoric acid catalyst
* anaerobic conditions (no O2)
* yeast catalyst ?

A

phosphoric acid catalyst is NOT required to make ethanol by fermentation, but IS NEEDED for the production of ethanol from ethene and steam.

54
Q

from educake

Ethanol is produced during fermentation. What is the other product? Give the name, not the formula.

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
55
Q

from educake

Which is NOT a condition for making ethanol by direct hydration:
* anaerobic conditions
* temperature of 300 degrees C
* 60-70 atm pressure
* phosphoric acid catalyst ?

A

you don’t need ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS - this is only needed for production of ethanol by fermentation.

56
Q

from educake

When propanoic acid reacts with magnesium what is the name of the salt produced?

A

the salt produced is magnesium propanoate.
The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:
2CH3​CH2​COOH+Mg→(CH3​CH2​COO)2​Mg+H2​

Chemistry (10 decks)

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