Atomic structure & states of matter, Group 1 & 7 + redox, Writing formula and balancing equations , Reactivity Series

Question 1

what 3 things affect the strength of attractive forces in a material?

Answer 1

• the material
• the temperature
• the pressure

Question 2

describe the movement of particles in solids

Answer 2

• particles vibrate about a fixed point
• the hotter a solid becomes, the more they vibrate.

Question 3

in a solid the particles don’t ____ from their positions, so all solids keep a definite ____ and ______.

Answer 3

• move
• shape
• volume

Question 4

describe the structure / forces of attraction in solids

Answer 4

• strong forces of attraction between particles
• holds them close together
• in fixed positions
• forms a regular lattice arrangement

Question 5

describe the structure of liquids

Answer 5

• weak attractive forces between particles
• random arrangement
• free to move past each other, but tend to stick closely together

Question 6

liquids have a definite ____ but don’t keep a definite ____. They will ____ to fill the bottom of their container.

Answer 6

• volume
• shape
• flow

Question 7

describe the movement of particles in liquids

+ what happens when the temperature increases?

Answer 7

• particles are constantly moving with random motion
• the hotter a liqud becomes, the faster they vibrate

Question 8

describe the forces of attraction in gases

(and their movement)

Answer 8

• very weak forces of attraction between particles
• so they are far apart
• particles are free to move
• and travel in straight lines.

Question 9

gases don’t keep a definite ____ or volume and will always ____ any container.

Answer 9

• shape
• volume
• fill

Question 10

describe the movement of gas particles

Answer 10

gas particles move:
- constantly
- with random motion
- and travel in straight lines

Question 11

what happens to solids, liquids and gases when heated?

Answer 11

solids: vibrate more (causing solids to expand slightly when heated)
liquids: particles move faster (causing liquids to expand slightly when heated)
gases: particles move faster. (When heated, gases either EXPAND or their PRESSURE INCREASES.)

Question 12

why does ammonia gas diffuse quicker than hydrogen chloride gas?

Answer 12

the particles of ammonia are SMALLER nad LIGHTER than the particles of hydrogen chloride, so they diffuse through the air more quickly.

Question 13

why does/can diffusion happen in liquids and gases (but not solids)?

Answer 13

due to the RANDOM MOVEMENT of particles (particles in solids are in fixed positions, so they ca’t move, therefore diffusion can’t take place)

Question 14

relative mass of a proton

Answer 14

1

Question 15

relative mass of a neutron

Answer 15

1

Question 16

relative mass of an electron

Answer 16

0.0005

Question 17

relative charge of a proton

Answer 17

+1

Question 18

relative charge of a neutron

Answer 18

0

(neutral)

Question 19

relative charge of an electron

Answer 19

-1

Question 20

what does the nucleus of an atom contain

Answer 20

protons and neutrons (if there are any neutrons)

Question 21

what is the overall charge of the nucleus? why?

Answer 21

+ive, because of the protons

Question 22

electrons move around the ____ in energy levels called ____ ?

Answer 22

1. nucleus
2. shells

Question 23

why do neutral atoms have no charge overall?

Answer 23

because there is an equal number of protons and electrons, so their charges cancel each other out

Question 24

protons and electrons have an ____ but ____ charge

Answer 24

• equal
• opposite

Question 25

what defines an atom/element?

Answer 25

the number of protons | (the atomic number --> number at the bottom)

Question 26

what is an ion?

Answer 26

an ION is an ATOM with a CHARGE. the atom becomes charged by gaining or losing electrons.

Question 27

what does the atomic number tell you?

Answer 27

number of protons | (also number of electrons since number of protons = number of electrons)

Question 28

what does the mass number tell you?

Answer 28

the total of protons and neutrons in the atom

Question 29

what is the overall charge of any ionic compound?

Answer 29

0 | (so all -ive charges must balance all +ive charges)

Question 30

how can you work out the formula for an ionic compound?

Answer 30

swap and drop method

Question 31

state symbol for solid

Answer 31

(s)

Question 32

state symbol for liquid

Answer 32

(l)

Question 33

state symbol for gas

Answer 33

(g)

Question 34

state symbol for aqueous | (dissolved in water)

Answer 34

(aq)

Question 35

what is the trend in reactivity going DOWN Group 1?

Answer 35

as you go DOWN the group, reactivity INCREASES

Question 36

(describe and) explain the trend in reactivity going down group 1

Answer 36

- going down the group, reactivity increases - electrostatic attraction becomes weaker because there are more electron shells - outer shell is less strongly attracted to the nucleus - therefore it is EASIER to LOSE an electron (and obtain a full outer shell)

Question 37

what name is given to the group 1 metals? why?

Answer 37

the alkali metals because they react with water to form an alkaline solution

Question 38

word equation for sodium (or any other group 1 metal) with water

Answer 38

sodium + water --> sodium hydroxide + hydrogen

Question 39

symbol equation for sodium (or any other group 1 metal) with water

Answer 39

2Na (s) + 2H**2**O (l) --> 2NaOH (aq) + H**2** | (2's in bold should be subscript)

Question 40

1. word equation for rection of lithium and oxygen 2. sybol equation for reaction of lithium and oxygen

Answer 40

1. lithium + oxygen --> lithium oxide 2. 2Li + O2 --> Li2O

Question 41

complete the equation: sodium + water --> ? | Group 1

Answer 41

sodium hydroxide + hydrogen

Question 42

Group 7: as the ____ number of the halogens increases", the elements have a _ colour and a ____ boiling point. | "i.e. going DOWN the group

Answer 42

- atomic - darker - higher

Question 43

chlorine is a fairly reactive, poisonous, ____ gas.

Answer 43

green

Question 44

bromine is a poisonous, ___-___ liquid, which gives off a ____ vapour at room temperature.

Answer 44

- red-brown - orange

Question 45

iodine is a _ _ crystalline solid which gives off a _ vapour when heated.

Answer 45

- dark grey - purple

Question 46

what physical state is chlorine at room temperature? | group 7

Answer 46

gas

Question 47

what physical state is bromine at room temperature? | group 7

Answer 47

liquid

Question 48

what physical state is iodine at room temperature? | group 7

Answer 48

solid

Question 49

which is more reactive, astatine or iodine? explain your answer (3 marks) | group 7

Answer 49

iodine... - reactivity decreases going down group 7 and astatine is lower down - electrostatic attraction becomes weaker because there are more electron shells - outer shell is less strongly attracted to the nucleus - harder for astatine than iodine to gain an electron in the outermost shell.

Question 50

what is the trend in reactivity going DOWN group 7?

Answer 50

going DOWN the group, reactivity DECREASES

Question 51

what is a displacement reaction?

Answer 51

when a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound

Question 52

when something is oxidised does it gain or lose electrons?

Answer 52

electrons are LOST | (OIL RIG)

Question 53

when something is reduced does it gain or lose electrons?

Answer 53

electrons are GAINED | (OIL RIG)

Question 54

complete the equation: chlorine + potassium iodide --> ? | displacement reactions

Answer 54

iodine + potassium chloride

Question 55

what is oxidation? | 2 answers

Answer 55

1. when oxygen is gained 2. the loss of electrons

Question 56

what is reduction? | 2 answers

Answer 56

1. when oxygen is lost 2. the gain of electrons

Question 57

what happens to an oxidising agent?

Answer 57

it ACCEPTS electrons and GETS REDUCED

Question 58

what happens to a reducing agent?

Answer 58

it DONTATES electrons and GETS OXIDISED

Question 59

acid + metal --> ? | reactions of metals

Answer 59

salt + hydrogen

Question 60

you can use the reactions of different metals with dilute acids to work out how reactive they are. the more __ the metal, the __ the reaction will go.

Answer 60

- reactive - faster

Question 61

describe an experiment to investigate the difference in reactivity of a variety of metals.

Answer 61

* first, set up 3 boiling tubes and fill them with equal volumes of dilute HCl (or dilute H2SO4). * then place pieces of magnesium, zinc and iron in separate test tubes. ensure the size and shape of the metal pieces are the same. * the speed of the reaction is indicated by the rate at which hydrogen bubbles are given off.