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Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Crude oil is a mixture of what?

A

Very large number of compounds

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2
Q

What are most of the compounds in crude oil?

A

Hydrocarbons

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3
Q

How can the hydrocarbons be separated?

A

They can be separated into fractions, each of which contains a similar amount of carbon atoms, by evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures. This process is called fractional distillation

(look at book for diagram)

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4
Q

Most of the Hydrocarbons in crude oil are saturated what are they called?

A

Alkanes

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5
Q

What is the general formula alkanes?

A

Cn H2n+2

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6
Q

what are all of the bonds in a saturated Hydrocarbon?

A

All the bonds are single covalent bond

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7
Q

How else can Alkanes been shown?

A

C2H6 or
H H
| |
H—————C————C—————H
| |
H H

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8
Q

What do we know that changes as the hydrocarbons get bigger?

A

The boiling points increase
The viscosity increases
The flammability decreases and they give of a lot more smoke

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9
Q

How do you name the Alkanes?

A
  1. METHANE
  2. ETHANE
  3. PROPANE
  4. BUTANE
  5. PENTANE
  6. HEXANE
  7. HEPTANE
  8. OCTANE
  9. NONANE
  10. DECANE
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10
Q

So what would an alkane with 6 carbon atoms and 14 hydrogen atoms be called?

A

Hexane

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11
Q

What would an alkane be called with 1 carbon atom be called?

A

METHANE

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12
Q

What are Alkanes usually used for?

A

Fuels

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13
Q

What are some of the advantages of using a biofuel?

A
  • they are renewable
  • they do not have a big affect on the environment
  • They have a low carbon foot print
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14
Q

Can hydrocarbons be broken down further?

A

Yes it is called cracking. This involves using a lot of heat to vaporise them. The vapours are then passed over a catalyst so the thermal decomposition can occur

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15
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons

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16
Q

What are the names of the unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Alkenes

17
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

18
Q

What type of bonds are in the Alkenes?

A

All Alkenes contain one double covalent bond between 2 carbon atoms

19
Q

What is another way of representing the Alkenes?

A

C3H6
H H H
| | |
H—— C—————C========C
| |
H H

======= is the double bond

20
Q

What happens when Alkenes mix with bromine water?

A

The solution is turns from orange to colourless

21
Q

How can ethanol be produced?

A

By reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a catalyst

22
Q

How do you show the polymerisation process?

A

H H ⎛ H H ⎞
| | ⎜ | | ⎜
n C ==== C —————-> —— C——-C ——
| | ⎜ | | ⎜
H H ⎝ H H ⎠ n
ethene poly(ethene)

23
Q

What function group do all alcohols contain?

A

-OH

24
Q

What are the first 3 alcohols?

A

METHONAL, ETHONAL, PROPANOL

25
Q

How do you represent alcohols?

A

CH3CH2OH

                         H                           H
                          |                             |
            H---------C-----------------------C---------O---------H
                          |                             |
                         H                           H
26
Q

What are some of the properties of the first 3 alcohols?

A
  • dissolve in water
  • react with sodium
  • burn in air
  • are used as fuels or solvents
  • alcoholic drinks
27
Q

What function group do carboxylic acids contain?

A

-COOH

28
Q

What is the structures for Carboxylic acids?

A

CH3COOH
H
|
H————C————–C=======O
| |
H O———–H

29
Q

How is ethanoic acid formed?

A

By ethanol being oxidised

30
Q

What are some of carboxylic acids properties?

A
  • Dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions
  • react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide
  • React with alcohols on the presence of an acid catalyst to produce esters
  • Do not ionise completely when dissolved in water and are weak acids
31
Q

What is the functional group of an ester?

A

-COO-

32
Q

How do you represent an ester?

A

CH3COOCH2CH3

               H            O                            H          H
                |              ||                             |            | H--------------C-----------C----------O-----------C---------C-----------H
                |                                             |           |
               H                                           H         H
33
Q

What are esters used for?

A

They are used as flavourings or perfumes

34
Q

How are esters formed?

A

When a Carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

Chemistry (7 decks)

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