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GCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A series of compounds that have similar properties on the same general formula

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2
Q

What is meant by saturated in this context?

A
  • Compound only contains hydrogen and carbon
  • Possesses no double bonds
  • By only having carbon single bonds, they have bonded with the maximum number of atoms
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3
Q

What is the complete combustion of propane

A

Propane + 5 oxygen –> 3 carbon dioxide + 4 water

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4
Q

What is the incomplete combustion of propane?

A

Propane + 2 oxygen –> 3 carbon + 4 water + carbon monoxide

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5
Q

Fractional distillation - c1-c4

A

Gases
20 degrees
Uses: liquified petroleum gas

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6
Q

Fractional distillation - c5-c9

A

Naphtha
70 degrees
Use; chemicals

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7
Q

Fractional distillation - c5-c10 (lower)

A

Petrol (gasoline)
120 degrees
Uses: petrol for vehicles

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8
Q

Fractional distillation - c10-c16

A

Kerosine (paraffin oil)
170 degrees
Uses: jet fuel, paraffin for lighting and heating

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9
Q

Fractional distillation - C14-C20

A

Diesel oils
270 degrees
Uses: diesel fuels

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10
Q

Fractional distillation - c20 to C50

A

Lubricating oil

Uses: lubricating oils, waxes and polishes

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11
Q

Fractional distillation - C20-C70

A

Fuel oil
600 degrees
Fuels for ships, factories and central heating

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12
Q

Fractional distillation - >C70

A

Residue

Bitumen for roads and roofing

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13
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those which are the chief components of petroleum and natural gases

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14
Q

Number of carbons in chain: 1

A

Meth

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15
Q

Number of carbons in chain: 2

A

Eth

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16
Q

Number of carbons in chain: 3

A

Prop

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17
Q

Number of carbons in chain: 4

A

But

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18
Q

Number of carbons in chain: 5

A

Pent

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19
Q

What are compounds made from only carbon and hydrogen called

A

Hydrocarbons

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20
Q

What form of bonds do you carbon atoms form?

A

Strong covalent bonds

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21
Q

Are alkanes flammable or inflammable. What is this useful for?

A

In flammable gases, useful for fuels

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22
Q

Do alkanes have endothermic or exothermic reactions

A

Exothermic

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23
Q

What do you alkanes burn to produce

A

CO2 and O2

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24
Q

The more carbon atoms, the higher or lower the boiling point?

A

A higher the boiling point as there is a longer chain of carbon atoms to break

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25
Q

Define distillation

A

Heating up a mixture so that the different parts boil off at different temperatures

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26
Q

Give an example of a gas in fractional distillation. Is it near the top or the bottom? Is it volatile or not volatile?

A

Methane and propane
They are at the top of the fractional distillation with the lowest boiling point.
The a gas and are most volatile

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27
Q

Give a example of a liquid in fractional distillation. Is it near the top of the bottom of the column and is it liquid or gas or solid

A

Petrol and diesel
They have a middle boiling point and are in the middle of the column
They are liquid as the viscosity increases as you go down the column

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28
Q

Give an example of a solid in the fractional distillation. Where is it in the column?

A

Wax and bitumen

High boiling point so near the bottom of the column

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29
Q

What is the only process that alkenes can be made

A

Fractional distillation

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30
Q

Define cracking

A

The process where a long chain alkane is broken down into smaller more useful alkanes and alkenes

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31
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane

A

Cn H2n+2

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32
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene

A

Cn h2n

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33
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A compound of hydrogen and carbon such as any of those which of the chief components of petroleum and natural gases

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34
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A series of compounds that have similar properties and the same general formula

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35
Q

What is meant by ‘saturated’ in this context

A

Saturated mean is the compound only contains hydrogen and carbon and possesses no double bonds. By only having carbon single bonds they have bonded with the maximum number of atoms

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36
Q

What is the complete combustion of propane

A

Propane+oxygen–> carbon dioxide + water

C3 H8 +2O2 –> 3C +4H2 O + CO

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37
Q

Incomplete combustion of propane

A

Propane + oxygen –> carbon + water + carbon monoxide

C3 H8 + 2O2 –> 3C + 4H2 O + CO

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38
Q

How is crude oil formed

A

The remains of small animals and plants that died and fell to the bottom of the sea. There remains a cupboard by mad. They started to change into rock as the temperature and pressure increased

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39
Q

By what process are hydrocarbons in crude oil separated

A

Separating hydrocarbons in crude oil is called fractional distillation. as hydrocarbons have different boiling points, they can be separated at different temperatures

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40
Q

Is a catalyst used in cracking

A

Yes

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41
Q

What are some of the traits of a short hydro-carbon chain

A
  • Boiling point is around -36 degrees
  • It is very highly flammable
  • Very runny (not viscous)
  • Very volatile
  • Doesn’t need to be cracked
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42
Q

What are some of the traits of a middle hydrocarbon chain

A
  • Boiling point around 174°C
  • It is flammable
  • It is viscous
  • It is volatile
  • May need to be cracked
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43
Q

What are some of the traits of a long hydrocarbon chain

A
  • Boiling point around 302°C
  • It is not flammable
  • Very viscous
  • Not very volatile
  • Needs to be cracked
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44
Q

What is an isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different display formula

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45
Q

How do you test for an alkene

A

With bromine water. It will turn from orange red to colourless

46
Q

What is the general formula for incomplete combustion

A

Any hydrocarbon + (Limited oxygen) –> carbon monoxide+ water

47
Q

Are Alkenes saturated or unsaturated

A

Unsaturated

48
Q

Are alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes

A

More reactive

49
Q

What type of reaction do alkenes undergo

A

Addition reaction - they make polymers

50
Q

What is Polyvinylchloride used for

A

Plastic bags

51
Q

What is polyvinyl alcohol used for

A

Glue

52
Q

What is polytetrafluoroethane used for

A

Nonstick pan’s

53
Q

What is polypropene used for

A

Plastic crates, parcel string and chairs

54
Q

What is polystyrene used for

A

Food packaging and containers, installation and packing materials

55
Q

What is polypropenitrol used for

A

Fibres for clothing and artificial wool

56
Q

What do you polymers contain

A

Monomers

57
Q

What does polymerisation need

A

High pressure, heat and a catalyst (Ziegler-natter)

58
Q

What are possible polluting products of the combustion of polymers

A

Carbon monoxide, HCL, PCB and cyanide

59
Q

what reactions do alkanes under go

A

Substitution reactions as they do not have double bonds so can’t do you addition reactions

60
Q

What is photo lysis

A

Splitting something with light

61
Q

What does photo lysis only work with

A

Halogens because they have weak bonds it’s can be easily broken by UV rays

62
Q

What does photo lysis produce

A

Haloalkanes

63
Q

Number of carbons in chain: 1

A

Meth

64
Q

Number of carbons in chain: 2

A

Eth

65
Q

Number of carbons in chain: 3

A

Prop

66
Q

Number of carbons in chain: 4

A

But

67
Q

Number of carbons in chain: 5

A

Pent

68
Q

What are compounds made from only carbon and hydrogen called

A

Hydrocarbons

69
Q

What form of bonds do you carbon atoms form?

A

Strong covalent bonds

70
Q

Are alkanes flammable or inflammable. What is this useful for?

A

In flammable gases, useful for fuels

71
Q

Do alkanes have endothermic or exothermic reactions

A

Exothermic

72
Q

What do you alkanes burn to produce

A

CO2 and O2

73
Q

The more carbon atoms, the higher or lower the boiling point?

A

A higher the boiling point as there is a longer chain of carbon atoms to break

74
Q

Define distillation

A

Heating up a mixture so that the different parts boil off at different temperatures

75
Q

Give an example of a gas in fractional distillation. Is it near the top or the bottom? Is it volatile or not volatile?

A

Methane and propane
They are at the top of the fractional distillation with the lowest boiling point.
The a gas and are most volatile

76
Q

Give a example of a liquid in fractional distillation. Is it near the top of the bottom of the column and is it liquid or gas or solid

A

Petrol and diesel
They have a middle boiling point and are in the middle of the column
They are liquid as the viscosity increases as you go down the column

77
Q

Give an example of a solid in the fractional distillation. Where is it in the column?

A

Wax and bitumen

High boiling point so near the bottom of the column

78
Q

What is the only process that alkenes can be made

A

Fractional distillation

79
Q

Define cracking

A

The process where a long chain alkane is broken down into smaller more useful alkanes and alkenes

80
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane

A

Cn H2n+2

81
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene

A

Cn h2n

82
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A compound of hydrogen and carbon such as any of those which of the chief components of petroleum and natural gases

83
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A series of compounds that have similar properties and the same general formula

84
Q

What is meant by ‘saturated’ in this context

A

Saturated mean is the compound only contains hydrogen and carbon and possesses no double bonds. By only having carbon single bonds they have bonded with the maximum number of atoms

85
Q

What is the complete combustion of propane

A

Propane+oxygen–> carbon dioxide + water

C3 H8 +2O2 –> 3C +4H2 O + CO

86
Q

Incomplete combustion of propane

A

Propane + oxygen –> carbon + water + carbon monoxide

C3 H8 + 2O2 –> 3C + 4H2 O + CO

87
Q

How is crude oil formed

A

The remains of small animals and plants that died and fell to the bottom of the sea. There remains a cupboard by mad. They started to change into rock as the temperature and pressure increased

88
Q

By what process are hydrocarbons in crude oil separated

A

Separating hydrocarbons in crude oil is called fractional distillation. as hydrocarbons have different boiling points, they can be separated at different temperatures

89
Q

Is a catalyst used in cracking

A

Yes

90
Q

What are some of the traits of a short hydro-carbon chain

A
  • Boiling point is around -36 degrees
  • It is very highly flammable
  • Very runny (not viscous)
  • Very volatile
  • Doesn’t need to be cracked
91
Q

What are some of the traits of a middle hydrocarbon chain

A
  • Boiling point around 174°C
  • It is flammable
  • It is viscous
  • It is volatile
  • May need to be cracked
92
Q

What are some of the traits of a long hydrocarbon chain

A
  • Boiling point around 302°C
  • It is not flammable
  • Very viscous
  • Not very volatile
  • Needs to be cracked
93
Q

What is an isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different display formula

94
Q

How do you test for an alkene

A

With bromine water. It will turn from orange red to colourless

95
Q

What is the general formula for incomplete combustion

A

Any hydrocarbon + (Limited oxygen) –> carbon monoxide+ water

96
Q

Are Alkenes saturated or unsaturated

A

Unsaturated

97
Q

Are alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes

A

More reactive

98
Q

What type of reaction do alkenes undergo

A

Addition reaction - they make polymers

99
Q

What is Polyvinylchloride used for

A

Plastic bags

100
Q

What is polyvinyl alcohol used for

A

Glue

101
Q

What is polytetrafluoroethane used for

A

Nonstick pan’s

102
Q

What is polypropene used for

A

Plastic crates, parcel string and chairs

103
Q

What is polystyrene used for

A

Food packaging and containers, installation and packing materials

104
Q

What is polypropenitrol used for

A

Fibres for clothing and artificial wool

105
Q

What do you polymers contain

A

Monomers

106
Q

What does polymerisation need

A

High pressure, heat and a catalyst (Ziegler-natter)

107
Q

What are possible polluting products of the combustion of polymers

A

Carbon monoxide, HCL, PCB and cyanide

108
Q

what reactions do alkanes under go

A

Substitution reactions as they do not have double bonds so can’t do you addition reactions

109
Q

What is photo lysis

A

Splitting something with light

110
Q

What does photo lysis only work with

A

Halogens because they have weak bonds it’s can be easily broken by UV rays

111
Q

What does photo lysis produce

A

Haloalkanes

GCSE Chemistry (8 decks)

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