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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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0
Q

Each fraction of crude oil contains a mixture of different … … Of a similar size and with similar properties

A

Hydrocarbon molecules

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1
Q

Before crude oil can be used, it must first be … Into fractions. This process is called …

A

Separated

Fractional distillation

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2
Q

Each fraction of crude oil contains a mixture of different … Meaning that the boiling point of the fraction is not a fixed temperature but a …

A

Compounds

Range

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3
Q

Volatility and flammability in crude oil fractions

A
  • low boiling point evaporate easier
  • easier fraction evaporates more volatile it is
  • more volatile easier mixes with air
  • fraction ignites and burns easily
  • smaller molecules in a fraction more volatile and flammable the fraction
  • lower boiling points more volatile and flammable
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4
Q

Viscosity in crude oil fractions

A
  • thick and sticky = highly viscous
  • high viscosity not easily poured
  • longer hydrocarbon chains more viscous fraction will be
  • higher boiling point more viscous
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5
Q

Appearance of crude oil fractions

A
  • longer chain of molecules darker colour of fraction
  • the colour of a fraction depends on size of the molecules it contains
  • higher boiling point darker colour of fraction
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6
Q

Smokiness of crude oil fractions

A

-higher boiling point more smokey and dense smoke

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7
Q

Refinery gas uses

A

Bottled gas and chemicals for cooking and heating

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8
Q

Gasoline uses

A

Petrol fuel for cars

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9
Q

Kerosene/paraffin uses

A

Jet fuel, stoves, central heating, lamps

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10
Q

Diesel oil uses

A

Lorries, buses, cars, some boats

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11
Q

Fuel oil uses

A

Ship fuel, large industrial boilers, oil fired power stations, ships

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12
Q

Bitumen/residue uses

A

Roads, roofing (waterproof)

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13
Q

Explain how a fractioning column works

A
  • all the crude oil is heated
  • vaporises and it is passes into bottom of a fractioning tower
  • fractioning tower hot at the bottom and cold at the top
  • hydrocarbons rise up the tower and condense at different points due to differing boiling point
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14
Q

Complete combustion

A

In a plentiful supply of oxygen all hydrocarbons burn to form carbon dioxide and water vapour and give out heat

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15
Q

Give and example of a complete combustion

A

Methane (CH4) the main constituent of natural gas which burns to give carbon dioxide and water
CH4 + 2O2 –> CO2 + 2H2O

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16
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

In a limited supply of oxygen, all hydrocarbons burn to form carbon monoxide or carbon and water vapour and give out heat. Less heat is given out so it is less efficient. As well as being poisonous, carbon monoxide is colourless, tasteless and odourless which makes it difficult to detect

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17
Q

Give an example of incomplete combustion

A

Methane (CH4) burns to give carbon monoxide plus water

2CH4 + 3O2 –> 2CO + 4H2O

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18
Q

Catalytic converters are used in cars to remove … like carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides from the … cars eg 2CO + 2NO –> N2 + 2CO2

A

Pollutants

Exhaust

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19
Q

The catalyst used is the metal … It is spread on to … Of a ceramic material to give it a large …

A

Platinum
Honeycomb
Surface area

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20
Q

Catalytic converters could not be used when … Was added to petrol as it poisons the catalyst. Ie when it reacts with the catalytic surface and renders it useless

A

Lead

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21
Q

Name two properties and uses of CO2

A
  • soluble in water: carbonated for fizzy drinks as dissolves in water under pressure when the bottle is opened pressure falls and gas bubbles go out
  • more dense than air: sinks on to flames and extinguishes as prevents oxygen to reach flame, fire extinguish to put out electrical fires or caused by burning liquids
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22
Q

Longer chained hydrocarbons are in what type of demand

A

Less

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23
Q

Hydrocarbon fuel burns in a gas lamp in a bowl of sand, gas collects in tube which travels to u-tube sitting in bowl of ice, bottom of u-tube contains blue cobalt chloride paper, gas goes out of u-tube into test tube of lime water and out to the water pump on the other side. What are the results and conclusion of this experiment

A

In u-tube we see condensation forming
The liquid formed turns cobalt chloride paper pink
Limewater turns cloudy
Hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

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24
Q

Shorter chains from crude oil are more…

A

Useful

Ie gasoline

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25
Q

Even though longer chains from crude oil are less useful they are in ….

A

Higher abundance

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26
Q

Very large molecules of long chained hydrocarbons can be … Into … Smaller molecules. This process is called …

A

Split
Several
Catalytic cracking

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27
Q

Catalytic cracking is the process by which longer chain … Are broken down into more useful products

A

Alkanes

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28
Q

Cracking results in both … And … Production

A

Alkane

Alkene

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29
Q

Cracking is an example of a ….. Reaction

A

Thermal decomposition

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30
Q

Equipment used in a cracking experiment

A
  • test tube horizontally with ceramic wool soaked in paraffin oil and in the middle a catalyst of porcelain chips
  • delivery tube bases through the test tube to a tub of water with a safety valve on the end with a split
  • test tube collects gas produced sitting on top of safety valve when oil is heated
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31
Q

In a cracking experiment the gas collected is called … The gas turns yellow bromine water …. The large … Molecules are … Down into smaller molecules. To do this we need a … Temperature and a … The … Molecules are more useful than the … Molecules

A 
Ethene
Colourless
Paraffin 
Broken
High
Catalyst
Small
Large
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32
Q

What does a hydrocarbon contain

A

Only carbon and hydrogen

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33
Q

A homologous series are ‘Families’ of organic compounds (ie methane, ethane, propane which are all …), group of compounds which share similar … properties. differ from one another by a … and because they get larger they have a trend in … properties (like fractions in crude oil)

A

Alkanes
Chemical
CH2
Physical

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34
Q

Alkanes are a … In which all the bonds between carbon atoms are … Saturated compounds (no … or … bonds)

A

Hydrocarbon
Single
Double
Triple

35
Q

General formula for an alkane is

A

CnH2n + 2

36
Q

All carbons need .. Bonds

A

4

37
Q 
Monkeys
Eat
Peanut
Butter
Pancakes
Happily
A 
Methane - 1(carbon atoms) - CH4 (molecular formula) - CH4 ( structural formula, can work out from molecular formula)
Ethane - 2 - C2H6
Propane - 3 - C3H8
Butane - 4 - C4H10
Pentane - 5 - C5H12
Hexane - 6 - C6H14
38
Q

What are the 3 formulae for organic molecules

A

1) molecular formula: number of each sort of atoms in molecule
2) structural formula: shows how the atoms are bonded
3) displayed formula: shows how the atoms are bonded with a drawing

39
Q

All carbons have 4 bonds except …

A

Graphite

40
Q

Alkenes are … Hydrocarbons that contains a … Bond

A

Unsaturated

Double

41
Q

General formula for alkene is

A

CnH2n

42
Q

The position of the double bond in alkenes must be included in the name of the loner chains

A

Ie but-2-ene

But-1-ene

43
Q

Only from ethene to hexene in alkenes as

A

Methene does not exist (cant carry a double bond)

44
Q

How to test for alkanes and results

A

Add bromine water, doesnt go colourless from orange straight away, then put under UV light then will go colourless

45
Q

What happens when an alkane in bromine water is put under UV light

A

A hydrogen bond is swapped with a bromine bond, this is called substitution. Results in bromo(methane) + hydrogenbromide

46
Q

What happens when an alkene in bromine water is put under UV light

A

The double bond breaks, opening up sections where the bromine replace 2 previous hydrogen bonds, this is called addition, results in bromo(butane), except methane

47
Q

How to test for alkenes and results

A

Put in bromine water and turns colourless from dark orange immediately

48
Q

How to add an alcohol onto displayed formula

A

O - H

Or OH onto the other equations

49
Q

What is meant when a molecule is saturated

A

Only has single bonds therefore cannot be an alkene

50
Q

What is an isomer

A

The same molecules and bonds and formulae but different structures

51
Q

What are the fractions of crude oil in order and at what temperature do they burn at (remember; really good kids deserve fat bagels)

A
  • Refinery gases
  • gasoline (20-200)
  • kerosene (180-260)
  • diesel (260-340)
  • fuel oil (330)
  • Bitumen N/A
52
Q

How to name a structural formula

A

Number of carbon attached to name of branch - name of hydrocarbon route

53
Q

How to find the structural formula to get it named

A
  • count how many carbons are in the longest chain to find the root alkane
  • find any branches on the chain, make sure the branch is attached to the lowest numbered carbon labelling carbons 1 - (4)
  • count number of carbon roots in the chain to determine the beginning of the name of the compound
  • the length and position of these chains is given in the molecules name
54
Q

Polymer means

A

Many parts

55
Q

What is a polymer

A

A chemical compound made of many, smaller, identical molecules (called monomers) linked together. Some are naturally occurring like cellulose

56
Q

2 methods in which polymers are made

A 
Addition polymerisation (just for alkenes)
Condensation polymerisation
57
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

Alkenes add to themselves
As addition proceeds further a long, a molecular chain is formed
The alkene is the repeating unit of the chain (the monomer)
The chain itself is the polymer
Eg if ethene adds to itself by breaking double bond, polymer turns into polyethene

58
Q

Brackets on addition polymerisation show

A

The chain continues and repeats until the certain number of ‘n’

59
Q

The 5 plastics in order

A 
Polythene
Polystyrene
Polypropylene
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Neoprene
60
Q

Properties and uses of low density polyethene

A

Flexible and quite strong

Plastic bags, bottles

61
Q

Properties and uses of polystyrene

A

Rigid and tough

Packaging

62
Q

What is a monomer

A

Small alkene molecules

63
Q

Condensation polymerisation does what

A

The addition of two different monomers releases a small molecule, usually water

64
Q

Ethanol production - Industrial

Reactants

A

Ethene and steam

65
Q

Ethanol production - Industrial

Temperature and pressure

A 
High temperatures (300/330 degrees)
High pressures (60-70 atm)
Needs high input of energy
66
Q

Ethanol production - Industrial

Catalyst

A

Phosphoric acid

67
Q

Ethanol production - Industrial

Equation

A

CH2 = CH2(g) + H2O(g) –> CH3CH2OH(g)

68
Q

Ethanol production - Industrial

Rate

A

Rapid

69
Q

Ethanol production - Industrial

Quality of product

A

Produces much purer ethanol, very good quality, not many side resources

70
Q

Ethanol production - Industrial

Use of finite resources

A

Once all the oil has been used up there wont be anymore

71
Q

Ethanol production - Industrial

Process

A

A continuous flow process - a stream of reactants is constantly passed over catalyst, therefore more efficient than a batch process

72
Q

Ethanol production - Industrial

Plant

A

Local oil supply as very costly to import and expensive to set up, needs constant monitoring but large scale reduces costs

73
Q

Ethanol production - Industrial

Maintenance

A

Little maintenance once set up

Just needs observation

74
Q

Ethanol production - Industrial

Labour

A

Low as little maintenance needed

75
Q

Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars

Reactants

A

Glucose –> yeast and sugar solution

76
Q

Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars

Temperature and pressure

A

Uses gentle temperatures (37 degrees for optimum enzyme function) and normal pressures (1 atm)

77
Q

Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars

Catalyst

A

Enzymes in the yeast (zymase)

78
Q

Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars

Equation

A

1) C12 H22 O11(aq) + H20(l) –> C6 H12 O6(aq) + C6 H12 O6(aq)
Sucrose + water –> glucose + fructose (isomers of each other)
2)C6 H12 O6(aq) –> 2C H5 OH(aq) + 2CO2(g) = ethanol

79
Q

Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars

Rate

A

Slow, taking several days for each batch

80
Q

Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars

Quality of product

A

Produces very impure ethanol that needs further processing

81
Q

Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars

Use of finite resources

A

Renewable sources - sugar beet or sugar cane, corn and other starchy materials

82
Q

Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars

Process

A

Batch process, everything mixed in reaction vessel then left for several days/weeks then fractional distillation for further purity
Batch removed and new reaction set up –> inefficient

83
Q

Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars

Plant

A

Not very expensive not much monitoring needed as process is slower

84
Q

Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars

Maintenance

A

A lot if maintenance with hygiene as bacteria etc

85
Q

Ethanol production - fermentation from sugars

Labour

A

Very high as lots of maintenance needed

Chemistry (11 decks)

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