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Chemistry > Acids, Bases + Salts > Flashcards

Acids, Bases + Salts Flashcards

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0
Q

Reacting acids with metals

A

Metals above hydrogen (has to be more reactive to displace the hydrogen) in the Reactivity Series react with dilute acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas. The more reactive the metal, the more rigorous the reaction

Acid + Metal –> Salt + Hydrogen

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1
Q

Reacting acids with alkalis and bases

A

Metal hydroxides and oxides react with acids to produce a salt and water. Soluble bases are called alkalis. This is known as a neutralisation reaction.

Acid + Alkali/Base –> Salt + Water

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2
Q

Reacting acids with carbonates

A

Carbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water

Acid + Carbonate –> Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water

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3
Q

Naming salts

A

When naming a salt, the first part of the name comes from the metal ion present. The second part comes from the parent acid.

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4
Q 
Parent acids --> salts 
Hydrochloric
Sulphuric
Nitric
Phosphoric
A

Chlorides
Sulphates
Nitrates
Phosphates

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5
Q 
Solubility rules 
Nitrates
Sulphates
Chlorides
Hydroxides
Carbonates
A

Nitrates - all nitrates are soluble
Sulphates - all sulphates are soluble except lead and barium
Chlorides - all chlorides (and other halides) are soluble except lead and silver
Hydroxides - all hydroxides are insoluble except potassium, sodium and ammonium
Carbonates - all carbonates are insoluble except potassium, sodium and ammonium

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6
Q

Insoluble hydrochloric compounds

A

Lead chloride

Silver chloride

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7
Q

Insoluble sulphuric compounds

A

Barium sulphate
Lead sulphate
Calcium sulphate is only slightly soluble

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8
Q

Insoluble carbonic compounds

A

Potassium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Ammonia carbonate

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9
Q

Insoluble hydroxide compounds

A

Potassium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
Ammonia hyrdoxide

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10
Q

State symbol and when to use a solid

A

S

Insoluble salts

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11
Q

State symbol and when to use liquid

A

L

Usually water

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12
Q

State symbol and when to use gas

A

H

H2 CO2 O2

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13
Q

State symbol and when to use aqueous (dissolved in water)

A

Aq

When starting with an aqueous solution (acids, alkalis), if a soluble salt is produced, it will be dissolved in water

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14
Q

How to write a chemical equation

A

1) write a word equation (or if confident go straight to symbol equation)
2) write the symbol equation using the rules for writing formulae
3) balance your symbol equation
4) consider the state of each substance and put it after the formula in brackets

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15
Q 
Formulae for acids:
Hydrochloric
Sulphuric
Phosphoric
Nitric
A 
H = HCl
S = H2SO4
P = H3PO4
N = HNO3
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16
Q

Remember:

  • acids and alkalis (soluble metal oxides/hydroxides) are …
  • if a soluble salt is produced it will be …
  • if an insoluble salt is produced it will be …
  • carbonates, bases and metals are …
  • oxides are always …
A 
Aqueous 
Aqueous
Solid
Solids
Solid
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17
Q

Why are acid base/alkali reactions called neutralisation reactions?

A

When oxide ions combine with hydrogen ions water is made. The presence of hydrogen ions is what makes acid, acidic, removing the hydrogen ions, the acid has been neutralised (mix of high and low phs)

18
Q

Define an acid

A

An acid is a proton (hydrogen ion) donor

19
Q

What do acids contain to make them acidic

A

Hydrogen ions

20
Q

Define a base

A

A base is a proton (hydrogen ion) accepter

21
Q

What do bases/alkalis contain to make them alkali

A

Hydroxide ions

22
Q

Equation to show the production of water when an acid and base react

A

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) –> H2O (l)

24
Q

More OH =

More H =

A

Alkaline

Acidic

25
Q

Ionic charges for group 1,2,3,(5),6,7

A

+1,+2,+3,-3,-2,-1

26
Q

Ionic charges for ammonium, nitrate, hydroxide, hydrogencarbonate, carbonate, sulphate

A

NH4 +, NO3 -, OH -, HCO3 -, CO3 2-, SO4 2-

27
Q

what happens when a magnesium ribbon is put into sulphuric/hydrochloric acid

A

fizzes, magnesium dissolves, exothermic reaction

28
Q

what happens when a magnesium ribbon is put into sulphuric/hydrochloric acid, test tube held over to collect gas, then a lighted splint put near the top of the tube

A

hydrogen is present thus makes a squeaky load pop, however sulphuric acid produces more hydrogen

29
Q

what happens when copper turnings are put into a tube of sulphuric acid

A

nothing as its below hydrogen in the reactivity series

30
Q

investigate the reaction of copper oxide with sulphuric acid

A
  • copper oxide reacts with the acid and buzzes turning blue, once more has been added and all reacted with the acid, it goes black and stays black
  • it is then filtered to remove copper oxide residue
  • the filtrate is copper sulphate and water
  • the residue is excess copper oxide
31
Q

investigate the reaction of calcium carbonate with sulphuric acid

A
  • the mixture fizzes and bubbles up, becoming cloudy, this then slows down and becomes clear again
  • this reaction stops occurring when the acid becomes saturated
  • the filtrate is calcium chloride and water
  • the residue is excess calcium carbonate
  • when left to dry the water will evaporate and form crystals of calcium chloride
32
Q

blue litmus paper turns

A

red when an acid is present

33
Q

red litmus paper turns

A

blue when a base is present

34
Q

methyl orange indicator turns

A
  • yellow when an alkaline is present
  • orange when the substance is neutral
  • red when an acid is present
35
Q

phenolphthalein indicator turns

A
  • pink when a base is present

- colourless when an acid is present

36
Q

method for making soluble salts

A

1) Add an excess of the solid reactant to the acid
2) Filter the mixture
3) Heat the mixture until it’s warm
4) Leave in a cool dry place

37
Q

why not heat a mixture for making soluble salts until its dry

A

heating for dryness would produce an anhydrous salt

38
Q

when does the acid need to be heated when making soluble salts

A

if using any solid except magnesium/carbonate

39
Q

method for making sodium, potassium and ammonium salts

A

1) Add a measured volume of alkaline solution to a flask using a pipette (or measuring cylinder)
2) Add a named indicator
3) Add acid from a burette
4) Until a correctly stated colour change
5) Note the volume of acid added
6) Mix the same volumes of acid and alkaline solution without the indicator

40
Q

what is an insoluble salt

A

Need to mix together solution of soluble salts, the dissolved ions meet in solution to form a precipitate of the insoluble salt. The other ions are classes as spectator ions.

41
Q

How to write an ionic equation

A

1) Write out the word equation
2) Write out the symbol equation with state symbols and balancing
3) Identify ions that make insoluble salt, remove spectator ions from this
4) Write out ionic equation with state symbols, balancing and charges

42
Q

why can’t we use an indicator to measure in an insoluble salt experiment

A

salts are neutral from the start to the end

43
Q

method for making insoluble salts

A

1) Insoluble salts can be made by mixing together two soluble salts
2) When a soluble salt dissolves, the ions separate from each other and move about between the water molecules
3) When two ions meet in the solution, they will just move apart again, unless in doing so, they are forming an insoluble salt. In this case they stay bonded and come out of solution as a precipitate
4) Salts are made up of a cation/positive ion ( a metal ion or the ammonium ion) and an anion/negative ion ( a non-metal ion)
5) To make an insoluble salt you need to choose two soluble salts that contain the desired positive and negative ions to form your insoluble salt
6) Remember that all nitrates are soluble and all potassium, ammonium and sodium salts are soluble

Chemistry (11 decks)

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