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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry 2 > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define polymerisation

A

The process of creating/producing a long chain of molecules from small molecules

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2
Q

Define addition polymerisation

A

How monomers can join together to form very long chain molecules called polymers

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3
Q

Define monomer

A

The small molecules that add together to make a polymer are called monomers. These are alkenes

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4
Q

What is a polymer

A

Large organic molecules formed when smaller molecules join together in long chains.

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5
Q

What are the properties of polythene

A

Light, flexible and resistant to attack by acids and alkalis

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6
Q

What are the uses of polythene

A

Cling film, plastic bags, bottles, buckets and basins

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7
Q

Properties of PVC

A

Tough, durable, waterproof and a good insulator

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8
Q

Uses of PVC

A

Electric cables, guttering, drain pipes, umbrellas and window frames

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9
Q

What are the benefits of plastics

A

Less dense than other materials
Resistant to chemicals and water
Excellent insulator properties
Extremely long lasting
Inexpensive

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10
Q

What are disadvantages of plastics

A

Addition polymers are non-biodegradable (not decomposed by bacteria in the environment)
Surplus of plastics littering our oceans
Kills aquatic life

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11
Q

What are the advantages of landfill

A

Cheap and easy
Local treatment so less transport needed
Land can be reused after

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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of landfill

A

Wastes land
Takes a long time to break down
Polluting gases released

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13
Q

What are the advantages of incineration

A

Heat energy can generate electricity
Less waste going to landfill

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of incineration

A

Releases polluting gases
Ash residue is toxic
Costly to build and maintain

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15
Q

What is the general formula of alcohol

A

CnH(2n+1)OH

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16
Q

What are the 4 alcohols you need to know

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propan-1-ol
Propan-2-ol

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17
Q

What is the molecular formula of methanol

A

CH3OH

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18
Q

What is the molecular formula of ethanol

A

C2H5OH

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19
Q

What is the molecular formula for propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol

A

C3H7OH

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20
Q

What are the observations for the combustion of alcohol

A

A clean blue flame and heat is released

21
Q

What is the equation for the complete combustion of alcohol

A

Alcohol + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

22
Q

What is the equation for the incomplete combustion of alcohol

A

Alcohol + oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water

23
Q

How is alcohol produced using fermentation

A

A sugar solution is mixed with yeast in warm conditions in the absence of oxygen. The reaction produces carbon dioxide and ethanol. The reaction is brought about by the enzyme, zymase which is presents in yeast.

24
Q

What is the equation for fermentation

A

Glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethanol
(Enzyme in yeast)

25
Q

How else can ethanol be produced

A

Hydration of Ethene with steam. (Hydration reaction)

26
Q

What is the equation of the hydration of Ethene with steam to produce ethanol

A

Ethene + water (steam) —> ethanol
(Phosphoric acid catalyst)

27
Q

What happens when alcohols are oxidised by air

A

Mild oxidisation which will form carboxylic acids. E.g if wine is left standing it will be oxidised to ethanoic acid by the oxygen and the wine is turned into wine vinegar. Vinegar is a solution of ethanoic acid

28
Q

How are alcohols oxidised by acidified potassium dichromate

A

Acidified potassium dichromate solution is an oxidising agent which oxidises some alcohols to carboxylic acids on warming

29
Q

What observations can be seen when acidified potassium dichromate solution reacts with alcohols

A

The acidified potassium dichromate changes from orange to green when it oxidise alcohols

30
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids

A

CnH(2n+1)COOH

31
Q

What are the 4 carboxylic acids you need to know

A

Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid

32
Q

What is the molecular formula of methanoic acid

A

HCOOH

33
Q

What is the formula for ethanoic acid

A

CH3COOH

34
Q

What is the formula for propanoic acid

A

C2H5COOH

35
Q

What is the molecular formula for butanoic acid

A

C3H7COOH

36
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak acids

A

They only partially ionise in water

37
Q

What are the observations when carboxylic acids react with sodium carbonate

A

Bubbles of gas formed, the white solid disappears and a colourless solution is formed

38
Q

What is the general equation for carboxylic acid reacting with sodium carbonate

A

Carboxylic acid + sodium carbonate —> sodium salt + water + carbon dioxide

39
Q

How can a carboxylic acid be distinguished from other organic compounds

A

Only carboxylic acids will release carbon dioxide when sodium carbonate is added to a sample. Gas can be identified by bubbling it through limewater and solution turning milky white.

40
Q

What are the observations when a carboxylic acid reacts with magnesium

A

Bubble of gas are produced, heat is released, the grey solid disappears and a colourless solution is formed

41
Q

What is the general equation for when carboxylic acids react with magnesium

A

Carboxylic acid + magnesium —> magnesium salt + hydrogen

42
Q

What can be observed when carboxylic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide

A

Heat is released and the solution remains colourless

43
Q

What is the general equation for carboxylic acids reacting with sodium hydroxide

A

Carboxylic acid + sodium hydroxide —> sodium salt + water

44
Q

How are alkanes differentiated from other organic compounds

A

When reacted with bromine water it will change from orange/brown to colourless

45
Q

Name common atmospheric pollutants

A

Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Soot (carbon particles)
Sulfur dioxide leading to acid rain

46
Q

How is carbon dioxide formed and what problems can it cause?

A

Caused by complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels.
CO2 is a greenhouse gas and leads to the greenhouse effect. Absorbs infrared radiation given off by the earth and causes the earths surface to warm leading to:
Sea level rises
Flooding
Climate change

47
Q

How is carbon monoxide formed and what are the problems it can cause

A

Formed by incomplete combustion of fuels

Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas as it combines with haemoglobin in the blood, reducing its capacity to carry oxygen.

48
Q

How is soot formed and what problems does it cause

A

Formed by incomplete combustion of fuels

The carbon particles pollute the air and can cause lung damage and respiratory problems

49
Q

How is sulfur dioxide formed and what problems can it cause

A

Many fuels contain sulfur impurities which burn and produce acidic sulfur dioxide. The sulfur dioxide reacts with water in the atmosphere to form sulfurous acid which falls as acid rain

Acid rain can:
Damage buildings especially ones made of limestone
Damage vegetation
Kills fish in lakes and rivers

Chemistry (16 decks)

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