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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define homologous series

A

A family of organic compounds where they have a same general formula, similar chemical properties, gradual change in physical properties and Differ by CH2 down the group

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2
Q

Which 2 elements make up a hydrocarbon

A

Hydrogen and carbon

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3
Q

What is the general formula of Alkanes

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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4
Q

What does the prefix meth mean

A

1

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5
Q

What does the prefix eth mean

A

2 carbons

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6
Q

What does the prefix prop mean

A

3 carbons

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7
Q

What dies the prefix but mean

A

4 carbons

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8
Q

Define fossil fuels

A

Fossil fuels are formed over millions of years from dead plants and animals. Eg crude oil, peat and natural gas

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9
Q

What is fractional distillation

A

Continual process of evaporation and condensation.

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10
Q

How does a fractionating column work?

A

When hydrocarbons enter the column they are vaporised. As they rise up through the column different compounds condense at their different boiling points.

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11
Q

What are the 3 stages of the petro-chemical industry

A
  1. Extracting crude oil from its source
  2. Transported to refineries, fractional distillation separates it into different hydrocarbons
  3. Hydrocarbons obtained by fractional distillation are used not only as fuels but used in the manufacture of dyes, plastics, fertilisers, medicines, paints and lubricants
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12
Q

What are environmental concerns of the petrochemical industry

A

Transports of crude oil can result in spills and leakages
Drilling for oil in the sea bed can result in leaks
Air pollution by burning fossil fuels as carbon dioxide is released

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13
Q

Define cracking

A

Cracking is the breakdown of larger/longer (less useful) saturated hydrocarbon molecules (alkanes) into smaller/shorter more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated (alkenes).

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14
Q

Define combustion

A

The reaction in which a fuel reacts with oxygen producing oxides and releasing heat

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15
Q

What is complete combustion

A

Burning in an excess of air (more than enough), when all the carbon turns into carbon dioxide

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16
Q

What is incomplete combustion

A

Gives carbon monoxide and water

17
Q

What is the word equation for complete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + water + (energy)

18
Q

What is the equation for incomplete combustion

A

Hydrogen + oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water + (energy)

19
Q

What is the use for refinery gases

A

Bottled gasses

20
Q

What is the use for petrol

A

Fuel for cars

21
Q

What is the uses of Naptha

A

Chemicals and plastics

22
Q

What is the use of kerosene

A

Fuel for aircraft

23
Q

What is the use of diesel

A

Fuel for cars and trains

24
Q

What is the use of fuel oil

A

Fuel for ships

25
Q

What are uses of bitumen

A

Surfacing roads as raid tar and sealing roofs

26
Q

In extreme circumstances with an inadequate supply of oxygen for combustion what can be produced

A

Soot
Hydrocarbon + water —> carbon + water

27
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide

A

Bubble through limewater, will turn milky

28
Q

How is carbon monoxide a toxic gas

A

It combines with haemoglobin in the blood reducing its capacity to carry oxygen. It is colourless and odourless

29
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A

C(n)H(2n)

30
Q

What is an alkene and what makes it different to an alkane

A

Alkenes are another example of a homologous series, they are also hydrocarbons. They are said to be unsaturated as they have one carbon-carbon double bond

31
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes

A

Ethene
Propene
But-1-ene
But-2-ene

32
Q

Define alkene

A

An unsaturated compound which contains at least one c=c double bond

33
Q

Define functional group

A

Reactive group in a molecule

34
Q

What colour flame does alkenes burn in

A

Orange

35
Q

What colour flame does an alkane burn in

A

Blue

36
Q

Why can alkenes easily go under addition reactions

A

The double bond breaks and atoms add onto the two carbon atoms across the double bond. The product then contains a c-c single bond and is saturated

37
Q

How to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene

A

Shaking hydrocarbon with bromine water. An addition fraction takes place where bromine molecule adds across the double bond of alkene to produce a halogenalkane.

Colour change can be seen in alkene as it goes from orange to colourless.

38
Q

Word equation of addition reaction of ethene with hydrogen

A

Ethene + hydrogen —> ethane

Nickel catalyst also used

39
Q

Word equation of Ethene with steam (addition reaction)

A

Ethene + steam —> ethanol

Phosphoric acid catalyst used and done at high temp

Chemistry (16 decks)

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