organic chemistry Flashcards
what is a hydrocarbon
molecules that consist of only hydrogen and carbon
differ between saturated and unsaturated
SATURATED: single bonded, alkanes
UNSATURATED: double or triple bonded, forms kink, alkenes/alkynes
chemical formulas
ALKANE: CnH2n+2
ALKENE/CYCLOALKANE: CnH2n
ALKYNE: CnH2n-2
BENZENE: C6H6
whats a alkyl group
branches attached to the main structure
properties of alkanes
non polar
only LD present
as increase in size IMF increase
1-4 gas
5-40 liquid
40+ waxy solid
what is a structural isomer
when 2 molecules have the same molecular formula bur different arrangements of atoms
describe reactions of alkanes
stable and unreactive
can undergo combustion or substitution reactions
what is alkyl halide
when a alkane undergoes a susbstition reaction called halogenation and a H atom is replaced with a halogen
often polar with DD
what is a aliphatic hydrocarbon
structures are based on straight or branched chains or rings of carbon atoms
what is a stereoisomer
same number of atoms, with DB in same position but different 3D geometry around it
differ between cis and trans
cis- the two groups are on the same side of DB
trans- the two groups are on opposite sides of DB
can not be changed by simple rotation, bonds must be broken and reformed
what is function group with a example
group of atoms within a molecule that determine its properties
multiple bonds, make more reactive
traits of aromatic hydrocarbons
unsaturated, chemically stable
equal bond lenghts
non polar
insoluble in water
between alkanes and alkenes in reactivity
when will benzene not be the parent chain
carbons chains with 6+
double or triple bonds
it will become a phenyl group
what are hydrocarbon derivatives
organic compounds based on hydrocarbons with addition of specific functional group
what does a alcohol have
a hydroxyl group C-OH
differ between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
1 OH bonded to terminal C
2 OH bonded to C with 2 alkyl groups
3 ‘’’’’’’’’ 3 alkyl groups
what is it called when a benzene has 1 hydroxyl
how do you name it when 2+ HYDROXYL ARE BONDED TO a benzene
phenol
benzene is root word
what is a ether
oxygen bonded betweenn 2 carbons
suffix oxy
short root- oxy - long group
what is a thiol
contain sulhydryl group SH
ADD thiol
what’s the difference between a ketone and aldehyde
the location of the carbonyl group
what is a aldehyde
carbonyl group on C1
al, dial if 2
if attached to ring, carbaldehyde
bonded to a H
What is a ketone
carbonyl group on lowest possible C, C2
one, dione or trione
may need to indicate postion
in cyclic the carbonyl is C1 and not in name
what happens if a ketone and aldehyde are in the same structure
ketone=oxo
4-oxopentanal
what is a carboxyl acid
carbon atom DB to one oxygen and single bonded to hydroxyl
oic acid
when on ring structure carboxyilic acid
what is a ester
C DB to a O and SB to a second O
oate
name alkyl groupn attached to single bonded O
NAME REST
what is esterfication
how esters are formed, a reaction between an acid and alcohol
what are fats and oils
triglycerides made from long chaoins of fatty acids
fats are solid at room temp
oils are liquid at room temp
what is a triglyceride
three acids bonded to an alcohol
what is saponification
the soap making reaction, involves reacting a fat or oil with a strong base. breaks down the triglyveride into glycerin and soap
what are polymers
chainlike molecules made by linking up smaller repeating chemical units
differ between monomer and polymer
polymer- chainlike molecule made up by repeating smaller chemical units
monomer- the smaller repeating chemical units in a polymer
differ between homo and copolymer
homo- polymer made up by a single type of monomer
co- two or more types of monomers combined to form chain
differ between alkyl group and substituent group
alkyl- branch of carbons off the main structure of molecule, type of substituent
substituent- atom or group that replaces hydrogen in a organic molecule
what is minimal amount of carbons to form a structural isomer
4- if you have less then four the carbons will always be in the same arrangement, making no possible isomers
how does the addition of soap to water allow water to dissolve non polar molecules like oil
when soap is added to water the hydrophilic part of the soap interacts with the polar water molecules, while the hydrophobic part interacts with non polar oil molecules. the hydrophilic tail surrounds the oil and the hydrophilic heads contact the water, thus allowing water
to dissolve oil.
