organic chemistry

Question 1

what is a hydrocarbon

Answer 1

molecules that consist of only hydrogen and carbon

Question 2

differ between saturated and unsaturated

Answer 2

SATURATED: single bonded, alkanes
UNSATURATED: double or triple bonded, forms kink, alkenes/alkynes

Question 3

chemical formulas

Answer 3

ALKANE: CnH2n+2
ALKENE/CYCLOALKANE: CnH2n
ALKYNE: CnH2n-2
BENZENE: C6H6

Question 4

whats a alkyl group

Answer 4

branches attached to the main structure

Question 5

properties of alkanes

Answer 5

non polar
only LD present
as increase in size IMF increase
1-4 gas
5-40 liquid
40+ waxy solid

Question 6

what is a structural isomer

Answer 6

when 2 molecules have the same molecular formula bur different arrangements of atoms

Question 7

describe reactions of alkanes

Answer 7

stable and unreactive
can undergo combustion or substitution reactions

Question 8

what is alkyl halide

Answer 8

when a alkane undergoes a susbstition reaction called halogenation and a H atom is replaced with a halogen

often polar with DD

Question 9

what is a aliphatic hydrocarbon

Answer 9

structures are based on straight or branched chains or rings of carbon atoms

Question 10

what is a stereoisomer

Answer 10

same number of atoms, with DB in same position but different 3D geometry around it

Question 11

differ between cis and trans

Answer 11

cis- the two groups are on the same side of DB
trans- the two groups are on opposite sides of DB

can not be changed by simple rotation, bonds must be broken and reformed

Question 12

what is function group with a example

Answer 12

group of atoms within a molecule that determine its properties

multiple bonds, make more reactive

Question 13

traits of aromatic hydrocarbons

Answer 13

unsaturated, chemically stable
equal bond lenghts
non polar
insoluble in water
between alkanes and alkenes in reactivity

Question 14

when will benzene not be the parent chain

Answer 14

carbons chains with 6+
double or triple bonds
it will become a phenyl group

Question 15

what are hydrocarbon derivatives

Answer 15

organic compounds based on hydrocarbons with addition of specific functional group

Question 16

what does a alcohol have

Answer 16

a hydroxyl group C-OH

Question 17

differ between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols

Answer 17

1 OH bonded to terminal C
2 OH bonded to C with 2 alkyl groups
3 ‘’’’’’’’’ 3 alkyl groups

Question 18

what is it called when a benzene has 1 hydroxyl

how do you name it when 2+ HYDROXYL ARE BONDED TO a benzene

Answer 18

phenol

benzene is root word

Question 19

what is a ether

Answer 19

oxygen bonded betweenn 2 carbons
suffix oxy
short root- oxy - long group

Question 20

what is a thiol

Answer 20

contain sulhydryl group SH
ADD thiol

Question 21

what’s the difference between a ketone and aldehyde

Answer 21

the location of the carbonyl group

Question 22

what is a aldehyde

Answer 22

carbonyl group on C1
al, dial if 2
if attached to ring, carbaldehyde
bonded to a H

Question 23

What is a ketone

Answer 23

carbonyl group on lowest possible C, C2
one, dione or trione
may need to indicate postion
in cyclic the carbonyl is C1 and not in name

Question 24

what happens if a ketone and aldehyde are in the same structure

Answer 24

ketone=oxo
4-oxopentanal

Question 25

what is a carboxyl acid

Answer 25

carbon atom DB to one oxygen and single bonded to hydroxyl
oic acid
when on ring structure carboxyilic acid

Question 26

what is a ester

Answer 26

C DB to a O and SB to a second O
oate
name alkyl groupn attached to single bonded O
NAME REST

Question 27

what is esterfication

Answer 27

how esters are formed, a reaction between an acid and alcohol

Question 28

what are fats and oils

Answer 28

triglycerides made from long chaoins of fatty acids
fats are solid at room temp
oils are liquid at room temp

Question 29

what is a triglyceride

Answer 29

three acids bonded to an alcohol

Question 30

what is saponification

Answer 30

the soap making reaction, involves reacting a fat or oil with a strong base. breaks down the triglyveride into glycerin and soap

Question 31

what are polymers

Answer 31

chainlike molecules made by linking up smaller repeating chemical units

Question 32

differ between monomer and polymer

Answer 32

polymer- chainlike molecule made up by repeating smaller chemical units
monomer- the smaller repeating chemical units in a polymer

Question 33

differ between homo and copolymer

Answer 33

homo- polymer made up by a single type of monomer
co- two or more types of monomers combined to form chain

Question 34

differ between alkyl group and substituent group

Answer 34

alkyl- branch of carbons off the main structure of molecule, type of substituent
substituent- atom or group that replaces hydrogen in a organic molecule

Question 35

what is minimal amount of carbons to form a structural isomer

Answer 35

4- if you have less then four the carbons will always be in the same arrangement, making no possible isomers

Question 36

how does the addition of soap to water allow water to dissolve non polar molecules like oil

Answer 36

when soap is added to water the hydrophilic part of the soap interacts with the polar water molecules, while the hydrophobic part interacts with non polar oil molecules. the hydrophilic tail surrounds the oil and the hydrophilic heads contact the water, thus allowing water
to dissolve oil.