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organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what are the ways of representing organic compounds

A

general formula, empirical formula,molecular formula, structural, displayed, skeletal

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2
Q

what is a functional group

A

the part of the molecule responsible for chemical reactions

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3
Q

what is a homologous series

A

series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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4
Q

what is what is a aliphatic organic compound

A

straight chains or rings, no benzene rings

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5
Q

what is an alicylic organic compound

A

rings of aliphatic compounds

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6
Q

what is an aromatic organic compound

A

contains benzene rings

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7
Q

what are the different kinds of organic compound

A

alkanes
alkenes
alcohols
carboxylic acids
esters
haloalkanes
aldehydes
ketones

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8
Q

what is an isomer

A

same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms

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9
Q

what are the two kinds of isomerism

A

structural and sterioisomerism

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10
Q

what is structural isomerism

A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

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11
Q

what are the different types of structural isomerism

A

chain, positional and functional

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12
Q

what is chain isomerism

A

can have branched chains

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13
Q

what is positional isomerism

A

functional group is in a different place

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14
Q

what is functional group isomerism

A

functional group is different

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15
Q

What is stereo isomerism?

A

Compounds with the same structural formula, batch a different arrangement of atoms in space

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16
Q

Explain EZ isomerism

A

Occurs in compounds with a double bond as it cannot rotate so can exist as two different isomers

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17
Q

How do you know which isomer is the Z isomer

A

When the higher priority element on each carbon is on the same side

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18
Q

Explain the properties of EZ isomers

A

If the functional groups are held differently, they can have different physical and chemical properties. They will also pack together differently, and this affects physical properties, particular, melting and boiling point.

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19
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Compound containing only hydrogen and carbon

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20
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated, hydrocarbons containing single bonds

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21
Q

Why do alkanes have low reactivity?

A

High bond, enthalpy, and low polarity of the sigma bonds

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22
Q

How do you melting point and boiling point change with increased carbons in alkanes

A

Increase as the amount of carbons do

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23
Q

Why do melting point and boiling point increase along with the amount of carbonS

A

As number of carbons and electrons increase, London forces also increase so more energy is needed to overcome them

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24
Q

Explain how and why melting point and boiling point change with increased branching

A

Decreases as straight chains can be packed closer together, so intermolecular forces are closer together whereas branched chains cannot pack close together so the forces are weaker

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25
What are two products, along with water, that are the result of incomplete combustion of alkanes
Carbon monoxide and carbon particulates
26
What are the problems with carbon monoxide?
It’s poisonous as it binds to haemoglobin more readily than oxygen
27
What is the problem with carbon particulates?
Causes respiratory issues and global dimming
28
What does cracking do
Break down long chained hydrocarbons into short chained alkanes and Alkenes
29
How can branched alkanes be formed from cracking
Passing the vapour of straight chained alkanes over a hot platinum catalyst
30
How to produce cyclic alkanes form straight chained alkanes in cracking
Using a bimetallic catalyst e.g. platinum and rhenium
31
What is bond breaking also known as
Bond fission
32
What is another term for unbounded electrons
Radicals
33
What are the types of bond fission
Homolytic fission Heterolytic fission
34
What is homolytic fission
Each bonded atom takes an electron forming 2 radicals
35
What is heterolytic fission
One of the bonded atoms takes both of the shared electrons
36
What is a nucleophile
Reactant that attacks electron efficient areas donating electron pairs
37
What is an electrophile
Reactant that attacks electron rich areas accepting an electron pair
38
What are the 3 types of reaction with explanation
Addition- 2 reactants combine to makes one product Substitution- atom is replaced so 2 reactants become two products Elimination- removal of a molecule so one reactant reacts to form 2 products
39
What is the bond angle of alkenes and why
The bonding pairs repel each other as far as possible leading to a bond angle of 120
40
What are the factors of Alkene bonds
Covalent, saturated, sigma, non polar, strong
41
What is and explain the bond that forms the double bond in an alkene
Pi bond formed from the overlapping of p orbitals
42
What is the definition of bond enthalpy
The energy required to break one mole of a specific type of bond in a gaseous molecule
43
What is free radicle substitution
Hydrogen in an Alkene is substituted by a halogen
44
What is needed to start free radicle substitution
UV light
45
What are problems with free radicle substitution
Multiple substitutions mean you will not just get the desired product
46
What is halogenation
An Alkene becoming a haloalkane
47
In asymetrical molecules now is it determined which is the most common product in halogenation
The more carbocations the carbon attached to the halogen is attached to
48
How can a molecule be primary, secondary or tertiary
How many carbocations are attached 1,2 or 3
49
Are primary or tertiary carbocations more stable
Tertiary is the most stable
50
Why are tertiary molecules more stable
Each alkyl group pushes elections towards c+ charge, so positive charge is spred out over alkyl groups, the more groups attached the more spread out charge which also means more stable
51
Explain and describe the process of hydrogenation
Adding hydrogen to remove a double bond(from unsaturated fats and oils) , hardens oils making them usfull in the production of margarine
52
What is addition polymerisation
Involves an Alkene where the pi bond is broken enabling connecting covalent bonds to be formed
53
What is polymerisation
A reaction in which small molecules called monomers join together to make large molecules consisting of repeating units
54
What are the other types of addition polymerisation
Radicle polymerisation and the Ziegler-Natta process
55
What are the conditions of radical polymerisation
Temp of 200°C, and very high pressure
56
What is the ziegler-Natta process and its conditions
When unreacted Alkenes are recycled and reposted over a catalyst, temp 0f60°C and specialised catalyst of TiCl3
57
Why are many polymers not biodegradable
Symmenc polymers are chemically very strong molecules, and most microorganisms don't have the enzymes to break up the bonds of the payment chain
58
How can you dispose of waste plastics
Burry them in landfill sites or burn them which releases energy which can be used to generate electricity
59
Explain the process of recycling
1) sorting- plastics have to be sorted as some can't be mixed with others 2) reclamation- polymers are usually cut into small flakes and any impurities removed, this pellet can be remoulded to be cracked and used as tree stock chemicals
60
How is structural isomerism possible in alcohols
- Different position of OH group - branching of carbon chain
61
Explain how bp change with increased molecular size
Increases due to increased London forces
62
Explain the trend in alcohols bp compared to alkanes of a similar molecular mass
Alcohols are higher due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the OH groups
63
Explain alcohols solvent properties and trends
Lower molecular mass alcohols can dissolve in water as hydrogen bonds are formed with the OH but solubility decreases as chain length increases, alcohols are also good solvents
64
How are alcohols classified
Primary, secondary, tertiary, (based on the amount of carbons the carbon the OH is attached to
65
What types of electrophilic addition need catalysts, and what ones they are
Hydrogenation - nickel catalyst Hydration- acid catalyst (sulfuric or phosphoric acid)
66
What is needed for the combustion of alcohols
Acidified dichromate
67
What is an oxidising agent
A species that oxidises something else whilst it itself is reduced
68
What can primary alcohols form from oxidation
Aldehydes and carboxylic acids
69
What is the difference between forming aldehydes and carboxylic acids from alcohols
Alcohol is distilled to form aldehydes, but refluxed for carboxylic acids
70
What is reflux
Continued re boiling, and recondensing
71
What can secondary alcohols form from combustion and how
Ketones- reflux
72
What is esterificarion
The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water
73
What is dehydration
An elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule
74
Esterification requires...
An acid catalyst
75
What does dehydration of an alcohol form
An Alkene and water
76
What are the conditions for dehydration of an alcohol
Alcohol is heated under reflux at 170°C with catalyst for 40 minutes
77
What is a haloalkane
A compound in which a halogen has replaced at least one of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane chain
78
Uses of haloalkanes
Important in organic synthesis and can be used to prepare many materials
79
Haloalkanes general formula
CnH2n+1x
80
Explain how and why boiling point changes with increased chain length
Increases due to increased London forces
81
How does the polarity of the carbon-halogen bond changes down the group of halogens
Decreases as electro negativity does also
82
What is the regent and catalyst for an alcohol to haloalkane reaction
Reagent: Nax/Hx Acid catalyst
83
Explain a nucleophilic substitution reaction
The electron deficient carbon atom in haloalkanes attract nucleophiles such as H2O, OH-, the haloalkanes react with the nucleophile and it replaces the halogen
84
What are the reagents and conditions of the hydrolysis of haloalkanes ( haloalkane to alcohol)
Reagents: aqueous alkali (OH-/H2O) Conditions: reflux
85
What can make a nucleophilic substitution reaction slower
Stronger carbon - halogen bond needed to be broken
86
How to detect halides
1) dissolve halide in water 2) add aqueous silver nitrate and nitric acid to form a precipitate
87
What colour precipitate will each halide form
Chloride - white Bromide - cream Iodide - yellow
88
What to do if you are unsure of the colour of the precipitate after testing halides
Add aqueous, dilute or concentrated ammonia
89
How does solubility change from chloride to iodide
Decreases
90
What are CFCs
Chlorofluorocarbons which contain carbon chlorine and fluorine
91
How and why did CFCs used to be used
Refrigerants and repellents due to their low reactivity and low toxicity
92
What are the environmental problems with CFCs
Cause the ozone layer to break down which can help harmful UV light reach the earths surface
93
How is ozone (O3) formed
Oxygen molecules absorb UV light and break into individual oxygen atoms, these oxygen radicals react with oxygen molecules to form ozone
94
CFCs produce …
Halogen radicals
95
How does chlorine cause holes in the ozone layer
chlorine radicals undergo homolytic fission with ozone
96
Explain how nitrogen oxides cause holes in the ozone layer
Thunder storms and the high temps of car engines produce nitrogen oxide, it already has an unpaired electron so will break down ozone in a similar reaction to chlorine radicals (This mechanism is only propagation and there are already radicals)
97
What are alternatives the CFCs and why
HCFCs and HFCs Have shorter atmospheric life time so have been used in low demand refrigeration applications HCFCs still contain chlorine so do still destroy ozone
98
What are the 5 stages of synthesis
Planning Reaction Separation of product Purification of product % yield and identification
99
Explain the planning stage of synthesis
Decide a target molecule and the steps to get there Carry out a risk assessment
100
Explain the reaction step of synthesis
Choose apparatus and quantities Carry out reaction
101
Explain the separation step of synthesis
Separate solids by filtration Separate liquids by funnel or distillation
102
Explain the purification step of synthesis
Remove any unreacted agents Solid products- recrystallisation Liquid products- re distillation
103
Explain the % yield and identification steps of synthesis
Find % yield Functional groups identified by chemical tests Precise identification involves instrumental techniques such as MS, IR, MR

chemistry (7 decks)

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