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chemistry > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what are the ways of representing organic compounds

A

general formula, empirical formula,molecular formula, structural, displayed, skeletal

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2
Q

what is a functional group

A

the part of the molecule responsible for chemical reactions

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3
Q

what is a homologous series

A

series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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4
Q

what is what is a aliphatic organic compound

A

straight chains or rings, no benzene rings

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5
Q

what is an alicylic organic compound

A

rings of aliphatic compounds

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6
Q

what is an aromatic organic compound

A

contains benzene rings

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7
Q

what are the different kinds of organic compound

A

alkanes
alkenes
alcohols
carboxylic acids
esters
haloalkanes
aldehydes
ketones

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8
Q

what is an isomer

A

same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms

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9
Q

what are the two kinds of isomerism

A

structural and sterioisomerism

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10
Q

what is structural isomerism

A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

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11
Q

what are the different types of structural isomerism

A

chain, positional and functional

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12
Q

what is chain isomerism

A

can have branched chains

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13
Q

what is positional isomerism

A

functional group is in a different place

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14
Q

what is functional group isomerism

A

functional group is different

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15
Q

What is stereo isomerism?

A

Compounds with the same structural formula, batch a different arrangement of atoms in space

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16
Q

Explain EZ isomerism

A

Occurs in compounds with a double bond as it cannot rotate so can exist as two different isomers

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17
Q

How do you know which isomer is the Z isomer

A

When the higher priority element on each carbon is on the same side

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18
Q

Explain the properties of EZ isomers

A

If the functional groups are held differently, they can have different physical and chemical properties. They will also pack together differently, and this affects physical properties, particular, melting and boiling point.

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19
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Compound containing only hydrogen and carbon

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20
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated, hydrocarbons containing single bonds

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21
Q

Why do alkanes have low reactivity?

A

High bond, enthalpy, and low polarity of the sigma bonds

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22
Q

How do you melting point and boiling point change with increased carbons in alkanes

A

Increase as the amount of carbons do

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23
Q

Why do melting point and boiling point increase along with the amount of carbonS

A

As number of carbons and electrons increase, London forces also increase so more energy is needed to overcome them

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24
Q

Explain how and why melting point and boiling point change with increased branching

A

Decreases as straight chains can be packed closer together, so intermolecular forces are closer together whereas branched chains cannot pack close together so the forces are weaker

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25
Q

What are two products, along with water, that are the result of incomplete combustion of alkanes

A

Carbon monoxide and carbon particulates

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26
Q

What are the problems with carbon monoxide?

A

It’s poisonous as it binds to haemoglobin more readily than oxygen

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27
Q

What is the problem with carbon particulates?

A

Causes respiratory issues and global dimming

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28
Q

What does cracking do

A

Break down long chained hydrocarbons into short chained alkanes and Alkenes

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29
Q

How can branched alkanes be formed from cracking

A

Passing the vapour of straight chained alkanes over a hot platinum catalyst

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30
Q

How to produce cyclic alkanes form straight chained alkanes in cracking

A

Using a bimetallic catalyst e.g. platinum and rhenium

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31
Q

What is bond breaking also known as

A

Bond fission

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32
Q

What is another term for unbounded electrons

A

Radicals

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33
Q

What are the types of bond fission

A

Homolytic fission
Heterolytic fission

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34
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

Each bonded atom takes an electron forming 2 radicals

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35
Q

What is heterolytic fission

A

One of the bonded atoms takes both of the shared electrons

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36
Q

What is a nucleophile

A

Reactant that attacks electron efficient areas donating electron pairs

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37
Q

What is an electrophile

A

Reactant that attacks electron rich areas accepting an electron pair

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38
Q

What are the 3 types of reaction with explanation

A

Addition- 2 reactants combine to makes one product
Substitution- atom is replaced so 2 reactants become two products
Elimination- removal of a molecule so one reactant reacts to form 2 products

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39
Q

What is the bond angle of alkenes and why

A

The bonding pairs repel each other as far as possible leading to a bond angle of 120

40
Q

What are the factors of Alkene bonds

A

Covalent, saturated, sigma, non polar, strong

41
Q

What is and explain the bond that forms the double bond in an alkene

A

Pi bond formed from the overlapping of p orbitals

42
Q

What is the definition of bond enthalpy

A

The energy required to break one mole of a specific type of bond in a gaseous molecule

43
Q

What is free radicle substitution

A

Hydrogen in an Alkene is substituted by a halogen

44
Q

What is needed to start free radicle substitution

A

UV light

45
Q

What are problems with free radicle substitution

A

Multiple substitutions mean you will not just get the desired product

46
Q

What is halogenation

A

An Alkene becoming a haloalkane

47
Q

In asymetrical molecules now is it determined which is the most common product in halogenation

A

The more carbocations the carbon attached to the halogen is attached to

48
Q

How can a molecule be primary, secondary or tertiary

A

How many carbocations are attached 1,2 or 3

49
Q

Are primary or tertiary carbocations more stable

A

Tertiary is the most stable

50
Q

Why are tertiary molecules more stable

A

Each alkyl group pushes elections towards c+ charge, so positive charge is spred out over alkyl groups, the more groups attached the more spread out charge which also means more stable

51
Q

Explain and describe the process of hydrogenation

A

Adding hydrogen to remove a double bond(from unsaturated fats and oils) , hardens oils making them usfull in the production of margarine

52
Q

What is addition polymerisation

A

Involves an Alkene where the pi bond is broken enabling connecting covalent bonds to be formed

53
Q

What is polymerisation

A

A reaction in which small molecules called monomers join together to make large molecules consisting of repeating units

54
Q

What are the other types of addition polymerisation

A

Radicle polymerisation and the Ziegler-Natta process

55
Q

What are the conditions of radical polymerisation

A

Temp of 200°C, and very high pressure

56
Q

What is the ziegler-Natta process and its conditions

A

When unreacted Alkenes are recycled and reposted over a catalyst, temp 0f60°C and specialised catalyst of TiCl3

57
Q

Why are many polymers not biodegradable

A

Symmenc polymers are chemically very strong molecules, and most microorganisms don’t have the enzymes to break up the bonds of the payment chain

58
Q

How can you dispose of waste plastics

A

Burry them in landfill sites or burn them which releases energy which can be used to generate electricity

59
Q

Explain the process of recycling

A

1) sorting- plastics have to be sorted as some can’t be mixed with others
2) reclamation- polymers are usually cut into small flakes and any impurities removed, this pellet can be remoulded to be cracked and used as tree stock chemicals

60
Q

How is structural isomerism possible in alcohols

A
  • Different position of OH group
  • branching of carbon chain
61
Q

Explain how bp change with increased molecular size

A

Increases due to increased London forces

62
Q

Explain the trend in alcohols bp compared to alkanes of a similar molecular mass

A

Alcohols are higher due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the OH groups

63
Q

Explain alcohols solvent properties and trends

A

Lower molecular mass alcohols can dissolve in water as hydrogen bonds are formed with the OH but solubility decreases as chain length increases, almonds are also good solvents

64
Q

How are alcohols classified

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, (based on the amount of carbons the carbon the OH is attached to

65
Q

What types of electrophilic addition need catalysts, and what ones they are

A

Hydrogenation - nickel catalyst
Hydration- acid catalyst (sulfuric or phosphoric acid)

66
Q

What is needed for the combustion of alcohols

A

Acidified dichromate

67
Q

What is an oxidising agent

A

A species that oxidises something else whilst it itself is reduced

68
Q

What can primary alcohols form from oxidation

A

Aldehydes and carboxylic acids

69
Q

What is the difference between forming aldehydes and carboxylic acids from alcohols

A

Alcohol is distilled to form aldehydes, but refluxed for carboxylic acids

70
Q

What is reflux

A

Continued re boiling, and recondensing

71
Q

What can secondary alcohols form from combustion and how

A

Ketones- reflux

72
Q

What is esterificarion

A

The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water

73
Q

What is dehydration

A

An elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule

74
Q

Esterification requires…

A

An acid catalyst

75
Q

What does dehydration of an alcohol form

A

An Alkene and water

76
Q

What are the conditions for dehydration of an alcohol

A

Alcohol is heated under reflux at 170°C with catalyst for 40 minutes

77
Q

What is a haloalkane

A

A compound in which a halogen has replaced at least one of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane chain

78
Q

Uses of haloalkanes

A

Important in organic synthesis and can be used to prepare many materials

79
Q

Haloalkanes general formula

A

CnH2n+1x

80
Q

Explain how and why boiling point changes with increased chain length

A

Increases due to increased London forces

81
Q

How does the polarity of the carbon-halogen bond changes down the group of halogens

A

Decreases as electro negativity does also

82
Q

What is the regent and catalyst for an alcohol to haloalkane reaction

A

Reagent: Nax/Hx
Acid catalyst

83
Q

Explain a nucleophilic substitution reaction

A

The electron deficient carbon atom in haloalkanes attract nucleophiles such as H2O, OH-, the haloalkanes react with the nucleophile and it replaces the halogen

84
Q

What are the reagents and conditions of the hydrolysis of haloalkanes ( haloalkane to alcohol)

A

Reagents: aqueous alkali (OH-/H2O)
Conditions: reflux

85
Q

What can make a nucleophilic substitution reaction slower

A

Stronger carbon - halogen bond needed to be broken

86
Q

How to detect halides

A

1) dissolve halide in water
2) add aqueous silver nitrate and nitric acid to form a precipitate

87
Q

What colour precipitate will each halide form

A

Chloride - white
Bromide - cream
Iodide - yellow

88
Q

What to do if you are unsure of the colour of the precipitate after testing halides

A

Add aqueous, dilute or concentrated ammonia

89
Q

How does solubility change from chloride to iodide

A

Decreases

90
Q

What are CFCs

A

Chlorofluorocarbons which contain carbon chlorine and fluorine

91
Q

How and why did CFCs used to be used

A

Refrigerants and repellents due to their low reactivity and low toxicity

92
Q

What are the environmental problems with CFCs

A

Cause the ozone layer to break down which can help harmful UV light reach the earths surface

93
Q

How is ozone (O3) formed

A

Oxygen molecules absorb UV light and break into individual oxygen atoms, these oxygen radicals react with oxygen molecules to form ozone

94
Q

CFCs produce …

A

Halogen radicals

95
Q

How does chlorine cause holes in the ozone layer

A

chlorine radicals undergo homolytic fission with ozone

96
Q

Explain how nitrogen oxides cause holes in the ozone layer

A

Thunder storms and the high temps of car engines produce nitrogen oxide, it already has an unpaired electron so will break down ozone in a similar reaction to chlorine radicals
(This mechanism is only propagation and there are already radicals)

97
Q

What are alternatives the CFCs and why

A

HCFCs and HFCs
Have shorter atmospheric life time so have been used in low demand refrigeration applications
HCFCs still contain chlorine so do still destroy ozone

chemistry (5 decks)

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