Organic Chemistry

Question 1

what is catenation?

Answer 1

the ability of an element, particularly carbon, to form long chains or rings by bonding with itself.

Question 2

what is isomerism? example?

Answer 2

the compounds that have same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in their molecules are called isomers.

pg 47

Question 3

Where do most organic compounds come from?
Organic compounds are generally in nature: covalent, ionic, or metallic?
What is the main constituent of organic compounds?
What is the general melting & boiling point of organic compounds? why?
Organic compounds are mostly polar or non-polar in nature?
Why are reaction rates of organic compounds slow?
organic compounds are generally less/more stable than inorganic compounds

Answer 3

• from living things or things that were once missing.
• covalent
• C along with H, P, O, S, N & halogens
• low melting & boiling points cz most are volatile
• non polar
• due to covalent bonding in them.
• less stable

many inorganic compounds are inert

easily evaporated at normal temperatures.

Question 4

What are homologous series?

Answer 4

a group of organic compounds that have a similar general formula, possess similar chemical properties, & show a gradation in physical properties.
Each member of a homologous series differs from the next by a repeating unit, usually a CH₂ group.

Question 5

what is structural formula?
what is condensed structural formula?
how to find molecular formula for alkanes?

Answer 5

• a formula that describes the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
• a structural formula that uses established abbreviation for various groups of chain.
• Cn H2n+2 with n= no. of C atoms

structural formula; is a diagram

molecular formula is normal formula like CH2

Question 6

what are saturated hydrocarbons? aka?
what is the simplest alkane?
what are unsaturated hydrocarbons? types?

Answer 6

whose carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds. aka alkanes
methane
whose carbon-carbon bonds are multiple bonds.
Alkenes: atleast 1 C-C double bond
Alkynes: atleast 1 C-C triple bond

Question 7

what is the molecular formula for alkynes?
the IUPAC name has ____ parts.
what does stem tell? example?
what does suffix tell?
table for C atoms and its stem.
Non- Prop- Pent- Eth- Hex- But- Hept- Meth-

Answer 7

Cn H2n-2
2 stem & suffix
no. of C atoms like Meth- Oct-
the class of a compound.
9, 3, 5, 2, 6, 4, 7, 1

Question 8

what is destructive distillation?
what does coal gas contain? uses?
coal tar uses?
what is pitch? uses?

Answer 8

when coal is heated in the absence of air at high temp. it is converted to coal gas, coal tar & coke.
methane, hydrogen & CO gases mainly used as fuel industry.
source of many organic compounds such as benzene & its derivatives
how can they be seperated?

by fractional distillation

Question 9

what is natural gas?
consist of?
what does petroleum consists of? how can we seperate it?
what imp. organic compounds are obtained from plants & animlas?
how many organic compounds have been prepared in lab? what are they used for?

Answer 9

a mixture of low boiling hydrocarbons
mostly methane along with smaller amounts of ethane, propane & butane
Petroleum contains a wide variety of alkanes, including those having very long chains.
It is separated by fractional distillation, and it separates into various hydrocarbon components, known as fractions.
Each fraction is not a pure compound, but a mixture of different compounds that boil in a certain range of temperature.
proteins, fats, carbs, vitamins, drugs & medicines

Question 10

which organic compounds is used:
as fuels
as liquids in fuel cylinders
for artificial ripening of fruits
to ensure antispetic condition in hospital
as a solvent for fats, oils, paints & varnishes
in the prep. of synthetic rubber & nylon.

Answer 10

natural gas & petroleum
propane & butane
acetylene
compounds of phenol
many organic compounds
acetylene

Question 11

what is an alkyl radical?
how to convert alkanes into alkyl radicals?

Answer 11

a group of atoms obtained by removing one H-atom from an alkane. represented by R.
pg 56

Question 12

organic compounds types? on the basis of?

Answer 12

2 main groups
open chain compounds contain an open chain of C atoms
closed chain compounds or cyclic

Question 13

what are acyclic compounds?

Answer 13

open chain compounds contain an open chain of C atoms. may either be straight -chained or branched-chain.

Question 14

acyclic compounds types

Answer 14

The compounds which contain any no. of C atom joined one after the other in a chain or row are called straight-chain compounds.
The compounds which contain C atom branched off are called branched-chain compounds.

Question 15

what are cyclic compounds?
types?

Answer 15

Organic compounds which contain rings of atoms are called closed chain or cyclic compounds.
heterocyclic homocyclic

Question 16

homocyclic?

Answer 16

Cyclic compounds which contain atom rings of C atoms are called homocyclic or carbocyclic compounds.

Question 17

heterocyclic?

Answer 17

Cyclic compounds that contain one or more atoms other than carbon atoms in the ring

Question 18

what is a functional group?

Answer 18

atoms or group of atoms that give a fam of organic compounds its charcteristc physical and chemcial properties

Question 19

characterize the functional groups that contain C, H & Halogens. describe the structure?

Answer 19

Haloalkanes= have halogen atom
haloalkane: a compound in which one H atom of an alkane is substituted by one halogen atom

Question 20

alcohols are charcaterized by the presence of _________.
what is it attahced to?
what is the general formula for alcohols?

Answer 20

hydroxyl group (OH) attached to hydrocarbon chain.
R— OH

Question 21

what are phenols? molecular formula?
uses?

Answer 21

when an OH group is attahced to a benzene ring, the compound in phenol.
C6 H5—–OH
first antispetic used in operation theatre

Question 22

what are ethers? general formula? examples?

Answer 22

organic compounds that have 2 alkyl gorups attached to the same O atom.
R−O−R′
Dimethyl ether

R or R′ are alkyl groups which may be same or different

Question 23

what are aldehydes?
what do aldehydes & ketone contain? write in diagram form and condensed form.
what is characteristic group for aldehydes?
describe the structure of aldehyde with an example?
condensed form for aldehyde?

Answer 23

carbonyl group pg 62
-CHO
same but in diagram form pg 62

Question 24

what is the general formula for aldehydes & ketones?
condensed form of ketone.
describe the structure of ketone with an example.

Answer 24

RCOR′

FMIGTN

Question 25

what is carboxyl?
general formula for ______? R?
example?
write carboxyl group in diagram & condensed form.
pattern for reading it?

Answer 25

the functional group of organic acid is called carboxyl group
carboxylic acid R-OOH
Acetic acid
pg 62

where R =H or alkyl group

general formulas are for classes

Question 26

what are esters? functional group? R? examples?

Answer 26

pg 63

Question 27

amines? general formula? functional group? examples?

Answer 27

functional group containg C, H & N

Question 28

what is an alkene? functional group? what is an alkyne? functional group?

Answer 28

a hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bond

Question 29

what plays a key role in the synthesis of of new compounds?

Answer 29

functional group