Organic chemistry Flashcards
Define hydrocarbon
Compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen
What is crude oil made of chemically
Mixture of different alkanes which are a type of hydrocarbon
What is a fraction of crude oil?
Mixture of alkanes with a similar chain lengths and similar boiling point
Define viscosity
How easily a liquid flows, the higher the number the thicker the liquid
First 4 hydrocarbons in alkanes
Methane, ethane, propane, butane
Molecular formula
number and type of different atoms in one molecule
Structural formula
The way the atoms in a molecule are arranged
Empirical formula
Simplest ratio of a compound
Saturation means
Carbon is bonded to the maximum number of atoms (4)
Define Isomers
Same molecular formula
different structural formula
Chemical & physical properties of alkane [3]
Chemical:
1)Other than combustion, they are generally unreactive
Physical:
2) Insoluble in water
3) form 2 layers
Complete combustion for alkanes [2]
1) In excess O2, alkanes burn with a blue flame
2) form CO2 and h2O
Incomplete combustion for alkanes [2]
1) In limited O2, alkanes will burn with a yellow/sooty flame
2) form CO and carbon/soot and H2O
Substiution with halogens [2]
1) Alkanes react with a halogen to form haloalkane
2) Needs UV light catalyst to help break the bonds because alkanes arent reactive
(Substiution reaction is when an attom attached to a Carbon is replaced by another atom)
Unsaturated vs satured in bondings
Unsaturated means it has double or triple bond
saturest means it has singular bonds
Cracking define
Breaks down long chain hydrocarbons into smaller more useful alkanes and alkenes and hydrogen
Thermal decomposition
Thermal cracking conditions
750 degrees
70atm
catalytic cracking conditions
500 degree
zeolite catalyst
Alcohol can be made in 2 ways
1) Fermenting sugars from plant material with yeast
2) Addition reaction ethene (Made by cracking fractions of crude oil) and steam in the presence of a catalyst)
Word equation for sugar fermentation
sugar -> Ethanol + alcohol
What is the main alcohol in alcoholic drinks
ethanol
Combustion
Like alkenes, alcohols react in plenty of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
Oxidation for alcohol word equation
Ethanol + oxygen from oxidising agent -> ethanoic acid (Carboxylic acid) + water
Will alkenes react with bromine
Yes without UV catalyst
Purple KMnO4 (Potassium manganate) turns from purple to colourless if oxidation take place
Write in sheet
Properties of carboxylic acid and esters [3]
1) Unpleasant smells and tastes
2) Higher boiling points than water
3) Not flammable
Why are carboxylic acids called weak acids
Not all acids particles dissociate to give hydrogen ions
How is carboxylic acid named/
1) Depends on the carbon number
2) Ex: ethanoic acid forms ethanoate while butanoic acid forms butanoate
Making ester [3]
1) Carboxylic acids reacting with alcohols
2) Water is formed in the reversible reaction
3) Sulphuric acid is used as catalyst (normally)
Condensation reaction [2]
1) 2 smaller organic molecules react to form a larger organic molecule
2) small molecule is removed
Why is concentrated sulfuric acid added
1) catalyst to speed up reaction
2) Dehydrating agent to remove water and increase formation of ester
Characteristics of ester
Smells sweet (like perfume)
Give three characteristics that are the same for all members of a homologous series
1) Same general formula
2) Same functional group
3) Similar chemical properties
Test for unsaturation for alkene [2]
1) Shake with bromine water
2) Alkene will go from orange to colourless
Tests for carboxylic acid [2]
1) Turns damp blue litmus paper red (Acidic)
2) Add carbonate and it will bubble
Test for carboxylic gas [2]
1) bubble through limewater
2) Goes cloudy
Test for alcohol
Potassium manganate added will turn purple as it oxides
Do esters mix with water
no
Naming ester
1st part alcohol
2nd part carboxylic acid
Define polymer
Large organic macromolecules made up of small repeating units called monomers
Addition polymerisation [2]
1) One type of monomer containing a c=c bond joined together
2) makes only one product/polymer
Condensation polymerisation [2]
1) 2 monomer joining together with the removal of a small molecule usually water
2) Makes polymer and water
What is a polyester
any polymer whose monomers are linked together by ester bonds
Test for lactic acid
Add bromine water it stays brown
Test for acrylic acid
Add bromine water, it goes colourless not clear
What conditions are needed for an addition polymer to form
High pressure and temperatures
What is the catalyst used for addition of hydrogen to alkene
Nickel
Polyamine function group
1) dicarboxylic acid
2) diamine
Word equation for condensation polymerisation
2 different types of monomer -> polymer + water molecules
Polyester function group
1) Dicarboxylic acid
2) Diol or dialcohol
Define organic compound
Compound that contains carbon
How can nylon be broken down back to monomers
By using acid hydrolysis
Nylon uses [3]
1) Fabrics
2) Ropes
3) Plastic items
Terylene uses [3]
1) Fabrics
2) Clothing
3) plastic bottles
Equation for hydrolysis
Ester + Water → Carboxylic acid + Alcohol.
2 ways ethanol can be manufactured
1) Fermentation
2) Hydration of ethene
Hydration of ethene conditions (vague) [3]
1) high temperature
2) High pressure
3) Acid catalyst
What reaction turns an alcohol into a carboxylic acid
Oxidation
Polyamine monomers [2]
-COOH at the end
and
-NH2 on the other
