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IGCSE Chemistry > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

Compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

What is crude oil made of chemically

A

Mixture of different alkanes which are a type of hydrocarbon

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3
Q

What is a fraction of crude oil?

A

Mixture of alkanes with a similar chain lengths and similar boiling point

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4
Q

Define viscosity

A

How easily a liquid flows, the higher the number the thicker the liquid

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5
Q

First 4 hydrocarbons in alkanes

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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6
Q

Molecular formula

A

number and type of different atoms in one molecule

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7
Q

Structural formula

A

The way the atoms in a molecule are arranged

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8
Q

Empirical formula

A

Simplest ratio of a compound

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9
Q

Saturation means

A

Carbon is bonded to the maximum number of atoms (4)

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10
Q

Define Isomers

A

Same molecular formula
different structural formula

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11
Q

Chemical & physical properties of alkane [3]

A

Chemical:
1)Other than combustion, they are generally unreactive

Physical:
2) Insoluble in water
3) form 2 layers

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12
Q

Complete combustion for alkanes [2]

A

1) In excess O2, alkanes burn with a blue flame
2) form CO2 and h2O

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13
Q

Incomplete combustion for alkanes [2]

A

1) In limited O2, alkanes will burn with a yellow/sooty flame
2) form CO and carbon/soot and H2O

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14
Q

Substiution with halogens [2]

A

1) Alkanes react with a halogen to form haloalkane
2) Needs UV light catalyst to help break the bonds because alkanes arent reactive
(Substiution reaction is when an attom attached to a Carbon is replaced by another atom)

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15
Q

Unsaturated vs satured in bondings

A

Unsaturated means it has double or triple bond
saturest means it has singular bonds

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16
Q

Cracking define

A

Breaks down long chain hydrocarbons into smaller more useful alkanes and alkenes and hydrogen
Thermal decomposition

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17
Q

Thermal cracking conditions

A

750 degrees
70atm

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18
Q

catalytic cracking conditions

A

500 degree
zeolite catalyst

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19
Q

Alcohol can be made in 2 ways

A

1) Fermenting sugars from plant material with yeast
2) Addition reaction ethene (Made by cracking fractions of crude oil) and steam in the presence of a catalyst)

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20
Q

Word equation for sugar fermentation

A

sugar -> Ethanol + alcohol

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21
Q

What is the main alcohol in alcoholic drinks

A

ethanol

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22
Q

Combustion

A

Like alkenes, alcohols react in plenty of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

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23
Q

Oxidation for alcohol word equation

A

Ethanol + oxygen from oxidising agent -> ethanoic acid (Carboxylic acid) + water

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24
Q

Will alkenes react with bromine

A

Yes without UV catalyst

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25
Purple KMnO4 (Potassium manganate) turns from purple to colourless if oxidation take place
Write in sheet
26
Properties of carboxylic acid and esters [3]
1) Unpleasant smells and tastes 2) Higher boiling points than water 3) Not flammable
27
Why are carboxylic acids called weak acids
Not all acids particles dissociate to give hydrogen ions
28
How is carboxylic acid named/
1) Depends on the carbon number 2) Ex: ethanoic acid forms ethanoate while butanoic acid forms butanoate
29
Making ester [3]
1) Carboxylic acids reacting with alcohols 2) Water is formed in the reversible reaction 3) Sulphuric acid is used as catalyst (normally)
30
Condensation reaction [2]
1) 2 smaller organic molecules react to form a larger organic molecule 2) small molecule is removed
31
Why is concentrated sulfuric acid added
1) catalyst to speed up reaction 2) Dehydrating agent to remove water and increase formation of ester
32
Characteristics of ester
Smells sweet (like perfume)
33
Give three characteristics that are the same for all members of a homologous series
1) Same general formula 2) Same functional group 3) Similar chemical properties
34
Test for unsaturation for alkene [2]
1) Shake with bromine water 2) Alkene will go from orange to colourless
35
Tests for carboxylic acid [2]
1) Turns damp blue litmus paper red (Acidic) 2) Add carbonate and it will bubble
36
Test for carboxylic gas [2]
1) bubble through limewater 2) Goes cloudy
37
Test for alcohol
Potassium manganate added will turn purple as it oxides
38
Do esters mix with water
no
39
Naming ester
1st part alcohol 2nd part carboxylic acid
40
Define polymer
Large organic macromolecules made up of small repeating units called monomers
41
Addition polymerisation [2]
1) One type of monomer containing a c=c bond joined together 2) makes only one product/polymer
42
Condensation polymerisation [2]
1) 2 monomer joining together with the removal of a small molecule usually water 2) Makes polymer and water
43
What is a polyester
any polymer whose monomers are linked together by ester bonds
44
Test for lactic acid
Add bromine water it stays brown
45
Test for acrylic acid
Add bromine water, it goes colourless not clear
46
What conditions are needed for an addition polymer to form
High pressure and temperatures
47
What is the catalyst used for addition of hydrogen to alkene
Nickel
48
Polyamine function group
1) dicarboxylic acid 2) diamine
49
Word equation for condensation polymerisation
2 different types of monomer -> polymer + water molecules
50
Polyester function group
1) Dicarboxylic acid 2) Diol or dialcohol
51
Define organic compound
Compound that contains carbon
52
How can nylon be broken down back to monomers
By using acid hydrolysis
53
Nylon uses [3]
1) Fabrics 2) Ropes 3) Plastic items
54
Terylene uses [3]
1) Fabrics 2) Clothing 3) plastic bottles
55
Equation for hydrolysis
Ester + Water → Carboxylic acid + Alcohol.
56
2 ways ethanol can be manufactured
1) Fermentation 2) Hydration of ethene
57
Hydration of ethene conditions (vague) [3]
1) high temperature 2) High pressure 3) Acid catalyst
58
What reaction turns an alcohol into a carboxylic acid
Oxidation
59
Polyamine monomers [2]
-COOH at the end and -NH2 on the other
60

IGCSE Chemistry (10 decks)

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