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IGCSE Chemistry > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

Compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

What is crude oil made of chemically

A

Mixture of different alkanes which are a type of hydrocarbon

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3
Q

What is a fraction of crude oil?

A

Mixture of alkanes with a similar chain lengths and similar boiling point

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4
Q

Define viscosity

A

How easily a liquid flows, the higher the number the thicker the liquid

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5
Q

First 4 hydrocarbons in alkanes

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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6
Q

Molecular formula

A

number and type of different atoms in one molecule

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7
Q

Structural formula

A

The way the atoms in a molecule are arranged

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8
Q

Empirical formula

A

Simplest ratio of a compound

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9
Q

Saturation means

A

Carbon is bonded to the maximum number of atoms (4)

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10
Q

Define Isomers

A

Same molecular formula
different structural formula

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11
Q

Chemical & physical properties of alkane [3]

A

Chemical:
1)Other than combustion, they are generally unreactive

Physical:
2) Insoluble in water
3) form 2 layers

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12
Q

Complete combustion for alkanes [2]

A

1) In excess O2, alkanes burn with a blue flame
2) form CO2 and h2O

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13
Q

Incomplete combustion for alkanes [2]

A

1) In limited O2, alkanes will burn with a yellow/sooty flame
2) form CO and carbon/soot and H2O

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14
Q

Substiution with halogens [2]

A

1) Alkanes react with a halogen to form haloalkane
2) Needs UV light catalyst to help break the bonds because alkanes arent reactive
(Substiution reaction is when an attom attached to a Carbon is replaced by another atom)

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15
Q

Unsaturated vs satured in bondings

A

Unsaturated means it has double or triple bond
saturest means it has singular bonds

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16
Q

Cracking define

A

Breaks down long chain hydrocarbons into smaller more useful alkanes and alkenes and hydrogen
Thermal decomposition

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17
Q

Thermal cracking conditions

A

750 degrees
70atm

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18
Q

catalytic cracking conditions

A

500 degree
zeolite catalyst

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19
Q

Alcohol can be made in 2 ways

A

1) Fermenting sugars from plant material with yeast
2) Addition reaction ethene (Made by cracking fractions of crude oil) and steam in the presence of a catalyst)

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20
Q

Word equation for sugar fermentation

A

sugar -> Ethanol + alcohol

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21
Q

What is the main alcohol in alcoholic drinks

A

ethanol

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22
Q

Combustion

A

Like alkenes, alcohols react in plenty of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

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23
Q

Oxidation for alcohol word equation

A

Ethanol + oxygen from oxidising agent -> ethanoic acid (Carboxylic acid) + water

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24
Q

Will alkenes react with bromine

A

Yes without UV catalyst

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25
Q

Purple KMnO4 (Potassium manganate) turns from purple to colourless if oxidation take place

A

Write in sheet

26
Q

Properties of carboxylic acid and esters [3]

A

1) Unpleasant smells and tastes
2) Higher boiling points than water
3) Not flammable

27
Q

Why are carboxylic acids called weak acids

A

Not all acids particles dissociate to give hydrogen ions

28
Q

How is carboxylic acid named/

A

1) Depends on the carbon number
2) Ex: ethanoic acid forms ethanoate while butanoic acid forms butanoate

29
Q

Making ester [3]

A

1) Carboxylic acids reacting with alcohols
2) Water is formed in the reversible reaction
3) Sulphuric acid is used as catalyst (normally)

30
Q

Condensation reaction [2]

A

1) 2 smaller organic molecules react to form a larger organic molecule
2) small molecule is removed

31
Q

Why is concentrated sulfuric acid added

A

1) catalyst to speed up reaction
2) Dehydrating agent to remove water and increase formation of ester

32
Q

Characteristics of ester

A

Smells sweet (like perfume)

33
Q

Give three characteristics that are the same for all members of a homologous series

A

1) Same general formula
2) Same functional group
3) Similar chemical properties

34
Q

Test for unsaturation for alkene [2]

A

1) Shake with bromine water
2) Alkene will go from orange to colourless

35
Q

Tests for carboxylic acid [2]

A

1) Turns damp blue litmus paper red (Acidic)
2) Add carbonate and it will bubble

36
Q

Test for carboxylic gas [2]

A

1) bubble through limewater
2) Goes cloudy

37
Q

Test for alcohol

A

Potassium manganate added will turn purple as it oxides

38
Q

Do esters mix with water

A

no

39
Q

Naming ester

A

1st part alcohol
2nd part carboxylic acid

40
Q

Define polymer

A

Large organic macromolecules made up of small repeating units called monomers

41
Q

Addition polymerisation [2]

A

1) One type of monomer containing a c=c bond joined together
2) makes only one product/polymer

42
Q

Condensation polymerisation [2]

A

1) 2 monomer joining together with the removal of a small molecule usually water
2) Makes polymer and water

43
Q

What is a polyester

A

any polymer whose monomers are linked together by ester bonds

44
Q

Test for lactic acid

A

Add bromine water it stays brown

45
Q

Test for acrylic acid

A

Add bromine water, it goes colourless not clear

46
Q

What conditions are needed for an addition polymer to form

A

High pressure and temperatures

47
Q

What is the catalyst used for addition of hydrogen to alkene

A

Nickel

48
Q

Polyamine function group

A

1) dicarboxylic acid
2) diamine

49
Q

Word equation for condensation polymerisation

A

2 different types of monomer -> polymer + water molecules

50
Q

Polyester function group

A

1) Dicarboxylic acid
2) Diol or dialcohol

51
Q

Define organic compound

A

Compound that contains carbon

52
Q

How can nylon be broken down back to monomers

A

By using acid hydrolysis

53
Q

Nylon uses [3]

A

1) Fabrics
2) Ropes
3) Plastic items

54
Q

Terylene uses [3]

A

1) Fabrics
2) Clothing
3) plastic bottles

55
Q

Equation for hydrolysis

A

Ester + Water → Carboxylic acid + Alcohol.

56
Q

2 ways ethanol can be manufactured

A

1) Fermentation
2) Hydration of ethene

57
Q

Hydration of ethene conditions (vague) [3]

A

1) high temperature
2) High pressure
3) Acid catalyst

58
Q

What reaction turns an alcohol into a carboxylic acid

A

Oxidation

59
Q

Polyamine monomers [2]

A

-COOH at the end
and
-NH2 on the other

60
Q
A

IGCSE Chemistry (10 decks)

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